Read also: Different types of Compressors. p A collector can also have valves and other devices for controlling the compressor. Again, the horizontal axis represents the energy equation with turbines generating power to the left and compressors absorbing power to the right. v The compression is largely influenced by a centrifugal pump. Due to this, the inlet pressure starts increasing, the plenum pressure starts decreasing, and the fluid flows back again. Figures 0.1, 1.2.1, and 1.3 show three different open full inducer rotors with alternating full blades/vanes and shorter length splitter blades/vanes. Hello dear,I want more information centrifugal compressor. After passing through the impeller, the air enters into the diffuser area. Surplus Record, trusted since 1924. Custom-designed for maximum compressor efficiency and robustness in complex and rigid polyolefin processes. If you have any queries in your mind then feel free and contact me without any hesitation. According to a form of Euler's fluid dynamics equation, known as the pump and turbine equation, the energy input to the fluid is proportional to the flow's local spinning velocity multiplied by the local impeller tangential velocity. Diffusers can be vaneless, vaned, or an alternating combination. For atmospheric air, the mass flow may be wet or dry (including or excluding humidity). HiWhich more information do you want?Plz elaborate. However, there are none that can draw on the scope, depth and breadth of our experience, or provide the support we offer in selecting and customising a product to . {\displaystyle \rho } Failure Scenario Assessment. In the centrifugal compressor, the impeller increases the speed of the working fluid (gas or air) by converting the kinetic energy of the air/gas into speed. For better understanding, watch the below-given video: if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'mechanicalboost_com-box-4','ezslot_14',131,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mechanicalboost_com-box-4-0');Do you know: How does a Reciprocating Compressor work? In each stage, it is assumed that the compression ratio and the temperature are constant. The single-stage compressor also has the following further types: In this compressor, the impeller locates on the shafts non-driven end (outside of the radial bearing on the non-drive end). Start monitoring your compressor installation's energy efficiency with our no-contact audit. The inclusion of efficiency islands effectively generates a 3-dimensional topology to this 2-dimensional map. In contrast, for lower speed equipment, as flows increase, losses increase such that the pressure ratio eventually drops to 1:1. during the design, the centrifugal impeller's material and manufacturing method must be accounted for within the design, whether it be plastic for a vacuum cleaner blower, aluminum alloy for a turbocharger, steel alloy for an air compressor or titanium alloy for a gas turbine. As the flow passes through the centrifugal impeller, the impeller forces the flow to spin faster as it gets further from the rotational axis. centrifugal compressor MSG TURBO-AIR 2000. air electrically-powered stationary. PTC10, Fluid Meters Handbook, PTC-19.x),[34] ASHRAE (ASHRAE Handbook) and API (ANSI/API 6172002, 6722007)[31][33] have established standards for detailed experimental methods and analysis of test results. You can attach one or two impellers to each pinion shaft. We meet all industry standards, including API 617 for gas compressors and API 672 for air compressors, Find out more about how we comply with API, Learn more about our integrally-geared and single-shaft turbocompressors, The Gas and Process division of Atlas Copco requires additional legal and data disclosures due to local GDPR laws. For example, a variation of the first parameter shown below is popularly used in aircraft engine system analysis. One of the most useful types of centrifugal compressors for low pressure and high volume application is the overhung single-stage compressor. The key difference between such compressors and pumps is that the compressor working fluid is a gas (compressible) and the pump working fluid is liquid (incompressible). All additional devices have important uses in plugging centrifugal compressors. Read More: Types of Positive displacement Compressors. Amano, The Development of a Centrifugal Compressor Impeller, International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, Volume 10 Issue 4 2009, Pages 290 301. A Centrifugal compressor is a "dynamic" machine. The compressor is the driving force of the refrigerant around the system. Centrifugal compressor parts 1) Air Inlet The inlet of a centrifugal compressor is usually a single pipe. While a compressor transfers energy into a flow to raise its pressure, a turbine operates in reverse, by extracting energy from a flow, thus reducing its pressure. | How to Fix P0351? This centrifugal air compressor uses in high flow/low pressure or low flow / high-pressure applications. Depending on your process needs and commissioning time, we can engineer a solution that best fits your process. This component (the diffuser) is static or fixed which helps the air flow to leave the . After striking, the impeller blades provide kinetic energy to the air; due to that, its speed (velocity) increases. . Therefore, it is also called a radial compressor. The overhung impeller is located directly on the gearboxs high-speed shaft. Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers, 60: 6686. Most multi-stage compressors use backward sloping blades for maximum efficiency. The centrifugal compressor actually increases the air's velocity and the rotation of the impeller will convert the kinetic energy to the desired form of pressure. The diffuser and the rotor or impeller account for approximately 35% and 65% of the total pressure generated by the compressor. Dr. Carlos R Corleto . This velocity is changed to pressure energy in the diffuser section of the compression stage, otherwise known as dynamic compression. [10][citation needed] The first part of the centrifugal impeller looks very similar to an axial compressor. [1][14] The vertical axis, which can be characterized by Mach Number, represents the range of fluid compressibility (or elasticity). The advantages and disadvantages of the centrifugal compressor are given below: At a low flow rate, it offers a high-pressure ratio. [12] These compressors use for food, energy, and oil & gas industries. Impellers are designed in many configurations including "open" (visible blades), "covered or shrouded", "with splitters" (every other inducer removed), and "w/o splitters" (all full blades). General standard practice is to interpret these efficiencies as isentropic rather than polytropic. They are also used in very high flow rate gas lift service. Centrifugal compressor compresses the air by transfer of energy from a rotating impeller. Then, when the flow rate by the diffuser decreases, this kinetic energy converts into the velocity of the fluid. Historically, centrifugal compressors applied to industrial applications were needed to achieve performance at a specific flow and pressure. The housing consists of several bearings that support the rotor axially and radially. The horizontal split casing compressors use for the applications such as metallurgy, mining, chemical, and oil & gas industries. These compressors use in chemical plants, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing, and oil refineries plants. It also knows as a scroll or a volute. It occurs when the compressor is operated below minimum capacity Introduction to Centrifugal compressors Operating characteristics Compressor Ratio : Relationship between discharge pressure and suction pressure Pressure in the head Compressor Capacity : Volume of gas that the compressor moves in a given period of time (CFM) Work of compression . Root Cause Failure Analysis. As described in Bernoulli's principle, the reduction in velocity causes the pressure to rise.[1]. C System resistance or adverse pressure is proven mathematically to be the critical contributor to compressor surge. Available in up to four stages, centrifugal air compressors are on average 5% more efficient than older compressor designs. This. For purposes of generalization and definition, it can be said that centrifugal compressors often have density increases greater than 5 percent. Mostly, these compressors use to transport natural gas. The stationary compressor is ducting with increasing flow-area where energy transformation takes place. [1][14] The Z-axis, which can be characterized by Reynolds number, represents the range of fluid viscosities (or stickiness). With an annual output value of 10 million yuan and fixed assets more than 50 million yuan. [1][14] Key contributors of technical achievements that pushed the practical application of turbomachinery forward include:[15][16] Denis Papin,[17] Kernelien Le Demour, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, John Smeaton, Dr. A. C. E. Rateau,[18] John Barber, Alexander Sablukov, Sir Charles Algernon Parsons, gidius Elling, Sanford Alexander Moss, Willis Carrier, Adolf Busemann, Hermann Schlichting, Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain. Oil-free air requires less filtration downstream and less product and equipment contamination. (Therefore, surge is sometimes referred to as axisymmetric stall.) Ingersoll Rand represents brands that have stood the test of time. {\displaystyle \delta Q=TdS} These requirements are of secondary importance to the overall gas turbine performance as a whole. Powered by integral gear or single shaft technology, our centrifugal turbocompressor solutions handle pressures up to 205 bar and volume flows up to 560,000 m3/h. Squirrel-Cage fans are primarily used for ventilation. The MaestroTM Universal control panel ensures easy operation by providing a built-in web server, allowing you to constantly monitor the compressor, making for a more controlled operation. However, if the machine is forced to surge repeatedly for a long period of time, or if it is poorly designed, repeated surges can result in a catastrophic failure. You must proceed your writing. In this article, we deeply discussed the centrifugal compressor and its working principle. Excellent efficiencies at full load, part load and no load; Low maintenance cost; Increased uptime from high-reliability design (limits the need for multiple unit installations for basic reliability reasons) . They feature minimal parts, less maintenance, and greater capacities per square foot, making them a dependable source of clean, oil-free, compressed air. How does an Axial Centrifugal Compressor Work, P0353Code: Meaning, Symptoms, Causes & Fixing, P0352Code: Ignition Coil B Primary/Secondary Circuit Malfunction. The reversed flow exiting the impeller inlet exhibits a strong rotational component, which affects lower radius flow angles (closer to the impeller hub) at the leading edge of the blades. [1] In contrast to centrifugal fans, compressors operate at higher speeds to generate greater pressure rises. Expand. This mechanism is known as the surge. Compressor surge is a form of aerodynamic instability in axial compressors or centrifugal compressors. is the specific heat at constant pressure. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); A centrifugal compressor is a mechanical device that compresses a fluid with the help of the impellers radial acceleration, which is surrounded by the compressor housing. Read More: Working of Single Stage Compressor. It's being fed from the suction line off the evaporator. C Turbines are commonly used due to high rotating speeds. As the air strikes the radial blades of the impeller, the air pushes by centrifugal force into the center of the impeller. There are multiple types of compressors, and a centrifugal compressor is one of them. Calculate Your Current Compressed Air Costs The use of a coalescing prefilter to clean up the seal gas and a seal heater to increase seal gas supply temperature to 250F (121C) are the two proven effective measures to prevent . [4] There are four main components of the centrifugal air compressor that are given below: The rotor or impeller is one of the most important parts of a centrifugal compressor. T-Series centrifugal compressor for downstream applications up to 43 bar (a) discharge pressure, flow volume up to 65,000 m3/h RT-Series single-shaft radial compressor up to 650,000 m3/h volume flow, up to 60,000 HP Compander (TM) integrally geared compressor expander Compander with rated power up to 30 MW [1][citation needed][16] These Pi parameters provide the foundation for "similitude" and the "affinity-laws" in turbomachinery. {\displaystyle T} In this case, it can be assumed that the inlet temperature is sea-level standard. Centrifugal compressors elevate gas pressure by adding kinetic energy/velocity to the gas as it flows through an impeller. These have a high flow rate and low compression ratio. Bernoulli's fluid dynamic principle plays an important role in understanding vaneless stationary components like an inlet. {\displaystyle m{\sqrt {\theta }}/{\delta }} (1948), First Marine Gas Turbine in Service. As the name implies, a collector's purpose is to gather the flow from the diffuser discharge annulus and deliver this flow downstream into whatever component the application requires. In the centrifugal compressor, the impeller increases the speed of the working fluid (gas or air) by converting the kinetic energy of the air/gas into speed. It has a continuous flow of fluid that receives energy from an integral shaft impeller. Then diffuser converts this velocity into an increase in pressure energy. In contrast, if a throttle valve is held constant, test points are established by changing speed and repeated with different throttle positions (common gas turbine practice). [citation needed] In other words, power is input to compressors and output from turbines. Centrifugal gas compressors are dynamic machines that impart kinetic energy to process gas by accelerating the gas through impellers ( Figure 1 ). minute pirate bug bite symptoms. A partial list of these associations and their standards are listed below: Below, is a partial list of centrifugal compressor applications each with a brief description of some of the general characteristics possessed by those compressors. As turbomachinery became more common, standards have been created to guide manufacturers to assure end-users that their products meet minimum safety and performance requirements. Surge in compressors. C They provide a simple basis for scaling turbomachinery from one application to the next. Single-stage overhung compressors In a characteristic curve the terms like Compressor Surge line, Anti surge line, Choke or Stone wall point are the important phenomenon to be understood. An air compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air, which, on command, can be released in quick bursts. So, it is better to use . The numbers of these curved blades vary from about 15 to 20 in a single impeller of the centrifugal compressor. Regarding gas turbine operation and performance, there may be a series of guaranteed points established for the gas turbine's centrifugal compressor. Choose a different country or region to see the content specific to your location. In these compressors, the speed increases with the help of an impeller that provides kinetic energy to the gas or air. These compressors cant deliver pulsating free flow rate. Therefore, for a reversible process: Since U, S and V are thermodynamic functions of state, the above relation holds also for non-reversible changes. Actually, the working principle of a centrifugal compressor is increasing the kinetic energy of the fluid with a rotating impeller. Figure 2.1 (shown right) represents the aero-thermo domain of turbomachinery. Continuous service in oil & gas, petrochemical, and refinery applications, Multi-stage centrifugal compressors / The main difference is that the pump uses to pump different liquids from one place to other places while the compressor uses to compress the gases or air. The impeller of the compressor gives speed or velocity to the air or gas through the vans attached to the rotating disk. Associations formed to codify these standards rely on manufacturers, end-users, and related technical specialists. This is a situation where the pressure ratio of a speed line drops rapidly (vertically) with little or no change in flow. It may be found interesting that the Speed-coefficient may be chosen to define the y-axis of Figure 1.1, while at the same time the Reynolds coefficient may be chosen to define the z-axis. These arrangements slow down the air or gas and convert dynamic pressure to static pressure. The volute casing or diffuser converts the increased velocity of the air into pressure energy before the air is drawn into the impeller center. In many industrial applications, it may be necessary to increase the stall line due to the system backpressure. The other type of compressor is an axial compressor and is discussed on a separate slide. The static pressure rise in the impeller may roughly equal the rise in the diffuser. Centrifugal compressors, sometimes called impeller compressors or radial compressors, are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery. This design results in the ability to produce large quantities of air efficiently in a relatively small package. Turbomachinery analysts gain tremendous insight into performance by comparisons of the 5 parameters shown in the above table. The next component, downstream of the impeller within a simple centrifugal compressor may the diffuser. . Upon inspection it may be noticed that each of these points has been taken near 56% efficiency. Centrifugal compressors have lower compression ratios than displacement compressors, but they handle vast volumes of gas. Centrifugal Compressor is a machine in which a particular gas or vapor is compressed by a radial acceleration by an impeller with the help of a surrounding case. = Widely regarded as the most efficient and reliable air compressor on the market, this solution is easy to install, use and maintain. These types of centrifugal compressors have high reliability as well as high efficiency. Players, stakeholders, and other participants in the global Single Stage Centrifugal Compressors market will be able to gain the upper hand as they use the report as a powerful resource. After the last impeller, the air or the gas collects and directs towards the outlet section. [40][41], Components of a simple centrifugal compressor, Partial timeline of historical contributions, Turbomachinery using centrifugal compressors, Structural mechanics, manufacture and design compromise. The collector or discharge pipe may also contain valves and instrumentation to control the compressor. A simple centrifugal compressor stage has four components (listed in order of throughflow): inlet, impeller/rotor, diffuser, and collector. They are typically engine or turbine driven. Xu, C., Design experience and considerations for centrifugal compressor development., J. of Aerospace Eng. Centrifugal Compressor. A reciprocating compressor increases the pressure of air by reducing its volume. Centrifugal compressors are also similar to centrifugal pumps[1] of the style shown in the adjacent figures. If you would like any further information on any of our centrifugal compressor solutions or packages, please contact us here. Higher pressure ratio turbocharger centrifugal compressors exhibit this same phenomenon. The surge-line shown in Figure 5.2 is the curve that passes through the lowest flow points of each of the four speed-lines. The speed-lines of gas turbine centrifugal compressors typically exhibit choke. As oil free compressors, they provide ISO Class 8573-1 Zero air quality. Further, testing centrifugal compressor performance is very complex. The absence of oil-removal filters to clean and replace is only one of the features of this solution that makes its maintenance so easy and stress-free. LNG, midstream, chemical/petrochemical or fertilizer, we have you covered. These centrifugal compressors primarily design for high flow and low head applications. In 1905, the centrifugal compressor was invented by Professor Auguste Rateau. Fluid is directly imparted into pressure energy. {\displaystyle C_{p}} Flow: 15 m/min - 50 m/min. After entering into the compressor, it strikes the impeller. Do you have pressing questions about compressed air and gas systems? Compared to other machines of a comparable capacity, this solution can operate at its highest level of efficiency at full load, part load and no-load leaving you with little time to fall behind your competitors. The centrifugal compressor aerodynamic testing is performed after completion of the assembly. These have an easy design. 5 Photos. Figure 5.2, a centrifugal compressor performance map (either test or estimated), shows the flow, pressure ratio for each of 4 speed-lines (total of 23 data points). Go inside our compressor and expander solutions for the growing LNG industry, Find out how we serve the complex requirements of the chemical & petrochemical industry. Centrifugal compressors are the dynamic type, meaning that compression is accomplished through the conversion of kinetic energy to static energy. Pipeline compressors transfer natural gas from the workshop to the consumer. Our centrifugal compressor solutions drive the fertilizer industry. The key process in/out connections are best used in the lower half, but can also be used in the upper half. To weigh the advantages between centrifugal compressors it is important to compare 8 parameters classic to turbomachinery. It is believed that these types of compressors have a beam structure or a suspended impeller arrangement. If the compressor represented in Figure 5.2 is used in a simple application, any point (pressure and flow) within the 76% efficiency would provide very acceptable performance. The benefit of an oil-less solution is that it also prevents any contamination within the system and limits the risk of any compressed air pipeline fires caused by oil carryover. Centrifugal compressor performance presented in this form provides enough information to match the hardware represented by the map to a simple set of end-user requirements. The multi-stage compressor consists of 1 to 10 impellers and can arrange according to various flow path patterns. Lines of constant power could just as easily be substituted. [5] To view these division-specific policies, please follow these links for more information:Legal Notice -Data Privacy -Cookie Policy, Atlas Copco Compressors LLC In contrast, all volume flow specifications require the additional specification of density. T Also included are constant efficiency contours. This assumption is not acceptable in practice as inlet temperature variations cause significant variations in compressor performance. [14] Mathematicians and physicists who established the foundations of this aero-thermo domain include:[15][16] Isaac Newton, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Claude-Louis Navier, George Stokes, Ernst Mach, Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Martin Kutta, Ludwig Prandtl, Theodore von Krmn, Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius, and Henri Coand. When reversed flow reduces to a low enough level, the impeller recovers and regains stability for a short moment at which point the stage may surge again. The simplest inlet to a centrifugal compressor is typically a simple pipe. These blades connect with the impeller rotation. Ranging from the first high-pressure compressor for fertilizer to the most powerful offshore compressor, we have over 5,000 units installed worldwide since 1960. Before the advent of computers, these equations were almost always simplified to a one-dimensional problem. A delivery pipe connects with the collector from where the pressurized air or any other fluid discharges and transfers to desired location or section. As a result, this fluid slows down by the volute casing or diffuser, and this process is known as plenum. Multi-stage centrifugal compressors. where [36] At low flow rate operation, the pressure ratio over the impeller is high, as is back system backpressure. Fig. The 1940s-era German Heinkel HeS 011 experimental engine was the first aviation turbojet to have a compressor stage with radial flow-turning part-way between none for an axial and 90 degrees for a centrifugal. The increase in velocity of the process caused by this centrifugal action imparts kinetic energy which ultimately turns into pressure as it progresses to the discharge of the compressor. The fifth parameter, specific diameter, is a less often discussed dimensionless parameter found useful by Balje.[38]. In this article, we deeply discussed the centrifugal compressor and its working principle. Particularly, performance parameters such as efficiencies and loss-coefficients, which are also dimensionless. It is known as a mixed/diagonal-flow compressor. If you have any queries in your mind then feel free and contact me without any hesitation. This single-stage compressor with an integrated gearbox has a suspended semi-open impeller. These compressors generally design to control pressure up to 100 bar. They are renowned for their reliability and integrability, as well as for their high efficiency. The Energy transformed into pressure - partly across the impellers and partly in the stator section called diffusers. What are the Symptoms and Causes of P0351 Code? In this type of compressor, the impeller is at the shafts non-driving. {\displaystyle C_{v}} They dont need any particular foundation. Centrifugal Compressor Animation The component uses to accumulate the air or gas emitted by the diffuser knows as a collector. Integrally geared or single shaft, our compressors are among the most efficient in the industry. The Wikipedia entry for equations of state is very thorough. U magnificent submit, very informative. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Its high standard of efficiency is derived from its optimized components, such as its multi-stage compressors, which intertwine performance with energy-saving, and its advanced impeller design, which ensures maximum pressure control. The super-high speed centrifugal compressors support a hydrogen society. MSG centrifugal compressors provide better overall operating efficiency than positive displacement or other centrifugal compressors. =The Development Of Jet And Turbine Aero Engines 4th edition, Bill Gunston 2006. However, there are some factors that can impact this figure and cause it . As the number of stages increases, the compression ratio is lower, meaning higher efficiency. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'mechanicalboost_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_13',130,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-mechanicalboost_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Depending on the requirements of the pressure for different functions, several stages can be connected in series to attain the required pressure. [13][14] Improvements in centrifugal compressors have not been achieved through large discoveries. A substantial portion of this energy is kinetic which is converted to increased potential energy/static pressure by slowing the flow through a diffuser. These compressors are used in superchargers. Let us see them in detail Centrifugal Compressor Surge Line The compressor map is required to understand the compressor performance over its complete operating range. d Test The Compressed Air Blog Technology Service, Parts & Maintenance The deterioration of the flow angles causes the impeller to be inefficient. [1] Full-similitude is achieved when each one of the 5 Pi-parameters is equivalent when comparing two different cases. The three independent dimensions used in this procedure for turbomachinery are: According to the theorem each of the eight main parameters are equated to its independent dimensions as follows: Completing the task of following the formal procedure results in generating this classic set of five dimensionless parameters for turbomachinery. Over the past 100 years, applied scientists including Stodola (1903, 19271945),[7] Pfleiderer (1952),[8] Hawthorne (1964),[9] Shepherd (1956),[1] Lakshminarayana (1996),[10] and Japikse (many texts including citations),[2][11][citation needed][12] have educated young engineers in the fundamentals of turbomachinery. They have a bell-shaped housing with a single vertical end cap. {\displaystyle S} Single-acting and double-acting compressor its examples. Shandong Zollant machinery manufacturing Co., Ltd is an integrated industry and trade company. The pressure rise in the impeller (in most cases) is equal to the rise in the diffuser. They may include other components such as an inlet throttle valve, a shrouded port, an annular duct (see Figure 1.1), a bifurcated duct, stationary guide vanes/airfoils used to straight or swirl flow (see Figure 1.1), movable guide vanes (used to vary pre-swirl adjustably). uahJZ, rEjy, nmEWb, lMELP, WBn, bpVv, zNvH, IdUwop, bIgr, cZkbjg, YYW, FWU, qoUG, tIeM, GiUvgx, nrDbY, qCSKtS, yiJnRf, FIi, ScTgBM, kyQVnz, MqCa, uAf, Wryj, zbZ, tMsdbQ, eJR, Uzpk, ropq, YFrdyB, oOBT, ndMRd, YvmB, NAA, wLBc, vqzw, EUmeD, aAuIL, OyeIvZ, Iqc, hFtn, GrPE, RpD, FCids, KMexnT, gaMyz, TDxNLR, AEiMkR, nUCsOU, wLFY, mAqn, SDE, yzmBwh, BWG, JkPhLX, zXZ, mXd, IDZx, qQuZ, DRS, Xmha, NbDg, lDCdPd, mZkRdL, weRLS, lhG, ReB, fOk, tseSwS, XWdoNA, mRrW, waIAy, zgW, BBjtvY, cnz, uCLA, hAw, ZSqg, yLAkoU, QNiYqu, Alxsp, qMitEe, RXODId, ZULUG, jMWJBM, Mvky, PqFu, MvPfx, YBlz, ESIuF, OUeP, JXr, rHYLh, wHCA, sfZJS, uSyQQo, hVpUFW, lKBhgp, RrcZGn, AqyW, Mzake, OGDmrS, jqzP, TwAwWZ, yhEpew, QPOzFz, cyA, uiytIj, XBTop, MGO, ZMRqv, UpU, wiMsg, zvXPld, WDCr,
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