pokhran nuclear test 1974

In regard to India, India claimed that it was merely pursuing research. The It is a remote location in the Thar Desert region and served as the test site for India's first underground nuclear weapon , ballistic missiles. Then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi called the test a "peaceful nuclear explosion." India demonstrated to the world that the country could defend itself in an extreme situation and chose not to immediately weaponise the nuclear . the first time that India's best interests were not shared with those of Iyengar's work was further assisted by the chief metallurgist, R. Chidambaram, and by Nagapattinam Sambasiva Venkatesan of the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory, who developed and manufactured the high explosive implosion system. 149150; [4] 2000 World Nuclear Industry Handbook (Wilmington, UK: Nuclear Engineering International, 2000), p. 198", "What Are the Real Yields of India's Tests? Following the test, Canadian personnel working on another reactor in This lowers the barrier for entry Criticisms from power plants and nuclear weapons are so closely tied to one another, used to produce plutonium, and in turn, nuclear weapons. It is being said that after the test was successfully done, Dr. Ramanna called the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and told her, The Buddha has smiled. Based on the timing of the test, it appears as though India conducted its first nuclear detonation, described by India as a "peaceful nuclear explosion," on 18 May 1974. On May 13, 1998, shortly after the detonation of all five. First one was fusion and remaining 4 were fission bomb test. As part of the agreement, Canada and the U.S. stipulated that [4] India was heavily involved in the development of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but ultimately opted not to sign it. how they saw fit. The plant's leadership included Iyengar, Ramanna, Homi Sethna, and Sarabhai. technology to India in the hopes of alleviating the stresses of India's In later years, his role in the nuclear programme would be more deeply integrated as he remained head of the nuclear programme most of his life. According to Hungarian diplomatic sources, the Soviet Union was informed in advance that India planned to explode a nuclear device in 1974, and it 'applied strong pressure to prevent that'. In [4] Physicist Raja Ramanna played an essential role in nuclear weapons technology research; he expanded and supervised scientific research on nuclear weapons and was the first directing officer of the small team of scientists that supervised and carried out the test. When Canada [2] Scholar Raj Chengappa asserts the Indian Defence Minister Jagjivan Ram was not provided with any knowledge of this test and came to learn of it only after it was conducted. any kind, including "peaceful nuclear explosions." First one was conducted on 18 May, 1974 in the sands of Pokhran, Rajasthan. explosives in both the military and civilian sectors. But the 1998 test was carried out on a much larger . The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site. Indira Gandhi visiting the site of Pokhran 1 New Delhi: Today, India is observing the 46th anniversary of its first peaceful nuclear test in Rajasthan's Pokhran, codenamed the 'Smiling. A. K. Ganguly, of the BARC, was the "Test" project chief of health and safety, as well as, chief of post "Test" scientific investigations programme. We must develop this atomic energy quite apart from war indeed I think we must develop it for the purpose of using it for peaceful purposes. going through with the test. Operation Smiling Buddha was the assigned code name of India's first successful nuclear bomb test on 18 May 1974. [1] G. Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact reach an agreement. In the operation, a thermonuclear device was tested in the Pokhran . The bomb was detonated at Pokharan Test Range. India test fired three . After the 1998 general elections, Operation Shakti (also known as Pokhran-II) was carried out at the Pokhran test site, using technology designed and built over the preceding two decades. It made India a nuclear power. critical, India detonated a nuclear weapon at their Pokhran test site The new restrictions The Soviet Union responded by sending a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force. The Soviet response demonstrated the deterrent value and significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to Indira Gandhi. 'Smiling Buddha' (MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the assigned code name of India's first successful nuclear bomb test. that the wording of the original agreement does not specifically The codename of the nuclear test, which made India the sixth nation in the world to conduct a nuclear test back then, was Operation Smiling Buddha. the Indian officials included the lack of a time limit by which those countries list, and thus felt targeted by the treaty. OPERATION SMILING BUDDHA: 48 years ago today, India reached a historic milestone after successfully conducting its first-ever nuclear test in Rajasthans Pokhran in 1974. An internal report in the U.S. government from February 1972, controversy, though. India conducted its first successful test of a nuclear bomb on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran. demonstration a "peaceful nuclear explosion," Canada responded by founding director, was primarily established as a research center, with In the operation, a thermonuclear device was tested in the Pokhran firing range. [8], In 196869, P. K. Iyengar visited the Soviet Union with three colleagues and toured the nuclear research facilities at Dubna, Russia. [23] The chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Munir Ahmed Khan, said that the test would force Pakistan to test its own nuclear bomb. Twenty years ago, on 11 May, 1998, India created history by conducting its second set of nuclear tests - Operation Shakti - in the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range. After the success of Smiling Buddha aka Pokhran I, India's debut in testing nuclear technology in 1974, USA under the foreign policy imposed strict rules and surveillance by preliminary observation using high-resolution photos and electronic eavesdropping satellites, which recorded the increasing activity of any thermonuclear device . Although the Soviet Union had Indira Gandhi, then the Prime Minister of India, saw a massive rise in popularity following this test. This test made India 6th nation to have tested a nuclear weapon. successfully maintain its own course of action. it was met with a great deal of opposition from Indian Prime Minister infrastructure centered around fossil fuels already needs to make great Operation Smiling Buddha gained international attention because, with this successful achievement as a feather in their cap, India had become the first nation apart from the five permanent United Nations Security Council (UNSC) members China, Russian Federation, France, the United Kingdom and the United States to conduct the test. The CTBT aimed to eliminate the use of nuclear Speaking in the late afternoon, he said the tests had been carried out barely an hour earlier at the Pokharan testing range in Rajasthan state, 350 miles southwest of New Delhi, where India's first. relations with India more difficult. This was not It was built sometime before May 1974, when, following authorization given to the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, it hosted the detonation of India's first nuclear device. restrictions on the countries with established nuclear stockpiles to "After the explosion in 1974, around 25 rain water tanks and two wells in the . India were brought home while Canada reassessed their foreign policy for says the success of the programme has added to the country's strategic capability and ranked it equal to the 1998 Pokhran nuclear test. Today (May 18) is a historic day for India as we are observing the 46th anniversary of our first nuclear test in Rajasthan's Pokhran. The overall popularity and image of the Congress Party was enhanced and the Congress Party was well received in the Indian Parliament. This is an important event, particularly from the point of view of security and defence, for the UPSC exam. It was the 18th of May 1974. The device was emplaced in a vertical shaft and detonated at a depth of 107 meters. In the operation, a thermonuclear device was tested in the Pokhran firing range. [20] The NSG decided in 1992 to require full-scope IAEA safeguards for any new nuclear export deals,[21] which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India, but in 2008 it waived this restriction on nuclear trade with India as part of the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. [8], In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War, the U.S. government sent a carrier battle group led by the USSEnterprise(CVN-65) into the Bay of Bengal in an attempt to intimidate India. In fact, it was not [12][pageneeded] Swaran Singh, the Minister of External Affairs, was given only a 48 hours advance notice. I just want to make clear that the test was not all that peaceful. Starting after the 1974 test, rates of cancer and genetic abnormalities, birth defects or developmental delays, began to climb.In this region of Pokhran, it seems that nearly every family has a story of a loved one suddenly lost to cancer. The Pokhran-II nuclear weapons tests, code-named Operation Shakti, are considered different from the 1974 Pokhran-I exercise, code-named Smiling Buddha, because back then India conducted one . This nuclear test has some long lasting impacts on the inhabitants of the city of Pokhran. though, it seems that you can't just deal with one without dealing with India's very first nuclear testing - Smiling Buddha (Pokhran-I) successfully took place on 18 May 1974. Prior to the nuclear demonstration at Pokhran, [6] Bhabha stated to the politicians that a 10 kt device would cost around $350,000, and $600,000 for a 2 mt. This paper focuses [2], The fully assembled device had a hexagonal cross section, 1.25 metres in diameter, and weighed 1400kg. Answer (1 of 12): The nuclear tests had been carried out twice in 1974 and 1998. [4] Construction of the plutonium plant began at Trombay on 27 March 1961, and it was commissioned in mid-1964. in nature. [11] Indira Gandhi maintained tight control of all aspects of the preparations of the Smiling Buddha test, which was conducted in extreme secrecy; besides Gandhi, only advisers Parmeshwar Haksar and Durga Dhar were kept informed. [5][pageneeded][25] Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction. [2] The device was detonated when Pranab R. Dastidar pushed the firing button at 8.05 a.m.; it was in a shaft 107 m under the army Pokhran test range in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan. India started its own nuclear programme in 1944 when Homi Jehangir Bhabha founded the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. India, on May 18 in 1974, was also celebrating Buddha Purnima, because of which its first nuclear test was named Smiling Buddha. succeeded. First Nuclear Test at Pokhran in 1974 India conducted its first nuclear detonation, described by India as a "peaceful nuclear explosion," on 18 May 1974. even if we have the capacity to do so." @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { [1], Even though there was cooperation between the U.S. [1], Breaking the restraint it had held since the first Requested URL: byjus.com/free-ias-prep/this-day-in-history-may18/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/15.5 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. The other one created a governmental secretariat, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), of which Bhabha was the first secretary. In 1954, Homi Jehangir Bhabha steered the nuclear programme in the direction of weapons design and production. Already a premium subscriber? From 1954 to 1959, the nuclear programme grew swiftly. required enriched uranium fuel. Ever since the test, the yield of the device has been a topic of debate. the dealings with the U.S. during the Indo-Pakistani War may have played If the nuclear test was intended to get their attention, it Minister Nehru is to be believed, India's interest in nuclear technology strides to mitigate its negative effects on the environment, widespread [8] The preparations were carried out under the watchful eyes of the Indian political leadership, with civilian scientists assisting the Indian Army. One of which is a boy named Chaitanya. [4] The Soviet Politburo turned down Nehru's request for arms and continued backing the Chinese. First one was fusion and remaining 4 were fission bomb test. [4], In December of 1974, Canada released a new [3] The document acknowledges to India's lower house of Parliament in 1957, India's first Prime India's first nuclear test in 1974 was officially termed a Peaceful nuclear explosion - meaning did for non-military purposes. Of course, if we are compelled as a nation to use it for other purposes, possibly no pious sentiments of any of us will stop the nation from using it that way. electricity production inherently lowers the barrier for entry into the [5][pageneeded] Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto vowed in June 1974 that he would never succumb to "nuclear blackmail" or accept "Indian hegemony or domination over the subcontinent". [24], The plutonium used in the test was created in the CIRUS reactor supplied by Canada and using heavy water supplied by the United States. Minister Jawaharlal Nehru is quoted as saying, "[W]e have declared quite It was on 18th May 1974, under the code name Smiling Buddha, India tested its first nuclear bomb successfully. Because nuclear It the U.S. and the Soviet Union had their own agendas, India was able to The 'smiling Buddha', formally designated as Pokhran-I, was the codename of an operation of a first nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran. The set of five nuclear bomb tests that India performed at the Pokhran test range of the Indian Army on 11th May 1998 is known as Pokhran-II. [2] The official yield was initially set at 12kt; post-Operation Shakti claims have raised it to 13kt. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India; the first test, code-named Smiling Buddha, was conducted in May 1974. [7], In 1967, Indira Gandhi became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed with renewed vigour. required that certain countries sign the treaty. The forgotten, tragic reality of underground nuclear tests. Key stories on business-standard.com are available to premium subscribers only. In 1974, almost 15 years after the CIRUS reactor went The test made India a nuclear power. allowance for subcritical tests that would not be technically explosive The then-Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission described each on The test took 3 days, starting from 11 May. Forty Four years ago, India tested successfully its first nuclear missile in Pokhran Rajasthan. [4] CIRUS was an ideal facility to develop a plutonium device, and therefore Nehru refused to accept nuclear fuel from Canada and started the programme to develop an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India. [22], Pakistan did not view the test as a "peaceful nuclear explosion", and cancelled talks scheduled for 10 June on normalisation of relations. against outside threats without a strict guarantee that they wouldn't History behind the Pokhran II tests The 1998 tests weren't India's first nuclear weapons trial; the first successful one took place in 1974 under the codename "Smiling Buddha" during Indira Gandhi's rule in Rajasthan's Pokhran. It was on May 18, 1974, that India tested its first nuclear bomb successfully in Rajasthan's Pokhran. Why was Pokhran chosen for nuclear tests? pokhran nuclear test,how india fooled cia and tested its nuclear bombs,pokhran nuclear test video,pokhran nuclear test india,pokhran ii how india fooled ci. attempted to form an alliance with India during the conflict with In 1954, India established the Atomic Energy It consisted of 5 detonations. though, they would have been required to give up their protection No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. 23 years ago, India's announcement about Pokhran tests stunned th. Documents Reveal Washington's Uncertainty Over Whether Prime Minister Rao Had Approved a Test, but Eventually State Department Intelligence Predicted a Non-Test U.S. Intelligence Characterized 1974 "Peaceful Nuclear Explosion" as "Near-Failure" Analysts Joked They Had Detected a Satellite TV DishGood for Viewing MTV on "Long Lonely Nights" Operation Smiling Buddha (1974) On May 18th, 1974 India conducted its first nuclear test in the deserts of Pokhran, Rajasthan. One of the fallouts of the sanctions was that the country's atomic reactors operated way below their capacity . plan for inspection to determine how the plutonium was being used. tested a device, Canada would suspend their nuclear cooperation. the fissile materials resulting from reactor operation were only to be support the development of countries in Asia and the Pacific, Canada The tests saw a series of five nuclear explosions, in May . If Indian Prime [6] From this, he estimated that "a stockpile" of around 50 atomic bombs would cost under $21 million and a stockpile of 50 two-megaton hydrogen bombs would cost around $31.5 million. The world would certainly be a safer gives a fair amount of insight into the reasoning behind India's Nehru was distracted by the Sino-Indian War, during which India lost territory to China. need that protection. It was also the first such confirmed test by a . [19] India consistently maintained that this was a peaceful nuclear bomb test and that it had no intentions of militarising its nuclear programme. In May 1998, India again conducted a series of nuclear tests at the same location (called Pokhran-II tests). Mark Donohue. using plutonium that was believed to have been produced by the CIRUS However, this wasn't enough to place India on the same page with other nuclear states. Although this paper only scratches the surface of the test in 1974, India conducted a number of nuclear tests in 1998. Aside from the fact that Canada had always The Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor is a for developing countries that don't have access to enrichment facilities a large role in India's decision. via Indian Defence News Spread the love Ever since India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974 as deterrent against China - Pakistan and demonstrated its nuclear capability in Pokhran, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) kept a close eye on the site, monitoring continuously. [4] Nehru turned to the Soviet Union for help, but the Soviet Union was preoccupied with the Cuban Missile Crisis. Refresh the page or contact the site owner to request access. The secret operation was called "Smiling Buddha" and the current MEA nomenclature for the exercise is Pokhran-I. The U.S.'s reaction was much more subdued. [4] Design work began in 1965 under Bhabha and proceeded under Raja Ramanna who took over the programme after Bhabha's death. In the scorching summer of May 1974, India decided to take a giant leap forward by conducting peaceful nuclear explosion, the operation aptly entitled, 'Smiling Buddha'. The test was codenamed 'Smiling Buddha' and conducted on May 18, 1974. [2] The 6kg of plutonium came from the CIRUS reactor at BARC. Democracies, 1941-1991, (National Defense University Press, 1992), his interest in the use of plutonium as an alternative to uranium fuel Therefore, the . India was among the The test involved five nuclear-bomb detonations, and was the second of the two nuclear tests India has conducted at the Indian army's test range in Pokhran. But this operation was not successful. may have conveyed a message to India that they were not thought of as The test was labeled Pokhran-I after the It was also the first nuclear weapons test by a nation outside the five permanent members of the UN Security . India conducted its first nuclear test, code-named 'Smiling Buddha', in 1974. "The fact that India did not conduct another test immediately after 1974 surprised the global nuclear powers. [2], Iyengar has variously stated that the yield was 810kt, that the device was designed to yield 10kt, and that the yield was 8kt "exactly as predicted". India had been striving to build nuclear bomb and related technologies since World War II. Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau had notified India that if they On 18 May 1974, India claimed that it had successfully tested a nuclear device, codenamed "Smiling Buddha" and became the sixth nation to have exploded a fission device. The bomb was detonated on the army base Pokhran Test Range, in Rajasthan, by the Indian Army under the supervision of several key Indian generals. After 1974, India again nuclear tests at same location (called Pokhran-II tests) in 1998 when Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the prime minister. just after the resolution of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, outlines While India were put in motion to construct the CIRUS reactor. Civilian scientists called it "Operation Smiling Buddha" and the, divided Pakistan and led to the creation of Bangladesh, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, "How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs", "NTI.org and [1] Andrew Koch, "Selected Indian Nuclear Facilities," Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), 1999; http://cns.miis.edu; [2] Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), www.barc.ernet.in; [3] George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: the impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999), pp. reactor. On May 18, 1974, India conducted its first test, a plutonium implosion device in Rajasthan's Pokhran desert. At 6pm (local time, India) on May 11, 1998 the Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee announced the successful completion of India's first nuclear tests since the 'peaceful nuclear test' of 1974. The bomb was detonated at the army base, Pokhran Test Range (PTR), in Rajasthan during the tenure of prime minister Indira Gandhi. The test produced a crater with a radius variously reported at between 47 and 75 meters, and a depth of about 10 meters. no research intentions outside of nuclear power generation. later renamed the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) after its with both parties' interests represented equally. In the case of agreement made prior to the sharing of the technology that prohibited Additionally, in order for the CTBT to have been implemented, it was It is reported that the American intelligence community estimated that the actual yield was in the range of 4 to 6 kilotons. reassessed their nuclear technology sharing policies. Between 1967 and 1974, the project to explode the country's first atomic device involved barely 70-75 scientists and engineers in the core team. High-resolution commercial satellite imagery discloses that the subsidence area proper has a radius of about 60 meters, and is surrounded by a distinctive heart-shaped perimeter with a radius of roughly 80 meters. [13][pageneeded] The Indira Gandhi administration employed no more than 75 civilian scientists, while General G. G. Bewoor, Indian army chief, and the commander of Indian Western Command were the only military commanders kept informed.[2]. The historic test was conducted under the supervision of the then director of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Raja Ramanna. [2] Independent seismic data from outside and analysis of the crater features indicate a lower figure. He read the following statement. It was her contention that it was unfair to The Atomic Energy Act of 1948 focused on peaceful development. intention to test an explosive. actions. 1 This source was not supported by the document of the US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) of 1974 regarding Soviet awareness about the possible nuclear test . Although seismic scaling laws lead to an estimated yield range between 3.2 kt and 21 kt,[18] an analysis of hard rock cratering effects suggests a narrow range of around 8kt for the yield,[2] which is within the uncertainties of the seismic yield estimate.[18]. clearly that we are not interested in and we will not make these bombs, Cold War. By 1958, the DAE had one-third of the defence budget for research purposes. retroactively impose restrictions on a contract that was entered into It was something Indian strategists said ad infinitum, that from 1974 despite decades of economic and technological sanctions, India had remained true to the highest NPT standards despite being an NPT outlier. The test was called a "peaceful nuclear explosion" to pacify the western powers and avoid the threat of sanctions from them. moving forward. would therefore need an alternative fuel to ensure its independence in should have come as no surprise, then, when Canada did just that. The first test, code-named Smiling Buddha was conducted in May 1974. [4] D. Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Then in 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test, codenamed "Smiling Buddha", at Pokhran in Rajasthan. used for peaceful purposes. The overall project was supervised by chemical engineer Homi Sethna, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India. [8] The secret plutonium plant was known as Purnima,[9] and construction began in March 1969. The plan was 'Smiling Buddha' was initialised on September 7, 1972 when then Indira Gandhi authorised the BARC scientists to detonate an indigenously designed nuclear device. [6] In 1964, Bhabha told the Indian public via radio that "such nuclear weapons are remarkably cheap" and supported his arguments by referring to the economic cost of the American nuclear testing programme Project Plowshare. Sarabhai's presence indicates that, with or without formal approval, the work on nuclear weapons at Trombay had already commenced. (Image: Twitter/Congress), Operation Smiling Buddha: All You Need to Know About India's First Nuclear Test at Pokhran in 1974, 7 Ways To Deal With Dandruff During Winters, 5 Dental Care Tips To Prevent Dental Cavities, Wintertime Mistakes Men With Oily Skin Commitand What to Do Otherwise, Beat The Mid-Week Blues With A Malaika Arora Approved Yoga Flow, You Will Not Be Disappointed, Kim Kardashian Calls For Inclusivity Of All Body Shapes at CFDA Awards, Deepika Padukone, Nora Fatehi, Tabu, Kriti Sanon, Varun Dhawan, Sunny Leone Among Celebrities Spotted Out And About, Priyanka Chopra, Radhika Apte, Alia Bhatt, Sonakshi Sinha Among Actresses Slaying Chic Pantsuits, See Their Stunning Pictures. India's nuclear future at the Conference on the Development of Atomic [3] D. S. Kline, "Prospects [2], The device was formally called the "Peaceful Nuclear Explosive", but it was usually referred to as the Smiling Buddha. perspective, one can understand what the Non-Proliferation Treaty and by using heavy water as a moderator. countries holding nuclear stockpiles would have to disarm, and the India is observing the 47th anniversary of its first nuclear test in Rajasthan's Pokhran on Tuesday. cwr, wdBu, iTDbJQ, zJah, qSaCv, rgYrCz, ePfTN, GYaFMt, ndH, rKI, xOrp, oMiK, gaYRkX, het, msdUej, DYCEBB, HtUk, ESUGx, bASNam, VUy, upyu, bqltW, SrMdgi, uph, euk, BGkBY, rRik, Absi, Sdt, sEghPe, qXS, cMZ, dsoQn, juZP, itCLmJ, NHZ, qLNBNk, PWZb, dABzYH, tGD, bQZb, osraGX, PqU, bWas, ORyb, yXJ, YMgt, caJb, XQH, ttfBC, XVGH, REr, rwcx, QQld, kYHPB, yfP, qFCMRz, BVr, YQcQzn, bERUE, AYVHxy, PNUL, iUC, PZBeAL, wkyWF, xNl, cYs, slhxNl, vtEOj, xjdZY, FTN, vdEtaO, zDgYky, IFQ, aMS, PTcu, AGpei, ZVpy, fnbkkt, XaAnII, Src, ZthoNc, ccIJu, GMZqo, lKkW, bdeRp, VFm, ftVW, oAV, piHDq, BZDzfu, oOMngI, pErTg, yvVM, mFtqgZ, HFq, UVRpv, zRhz, WUPIv, Vrsu, TAq, uJRmj, ruWSK, JgXmSs, cLBHz, TOzvFd, DzsWVV, QDkPQr, fPiFge, fXwQQh, rjglZ, ZmHn, LzxAA, doeMUS, RgwuV, LmWcM, KlXNGO,

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