91. In addition to the architectural design, numismatic material, the seeds of wheat, barley, millet, apricots, peaches, grapes, watermelons, melons, gourds, and industrial crops and fragments of articles such as paper, wool and silk fabrics, leather shoes, iron lances, and arrows allow us to restore a picture of the economic-cultural life of the Khorezmians in this ancient time. The Kushan Empire served as a barrier between Aryan culture and the nomadic hordes of Central Asia, which had occasionally swamped civilized countries with avalanches. But from Vasudevas time decadence set in and as it happened with most of the empires, centrifugal forces began to gain momentum and different parts of the empire fell off from it and the weakness was taken advantage of by foreign invaders. The Empire of Kushana: Ancient History of India! These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. But Ferguson had held long before that Kanishka started his first regional year in 78 A.D. and inaugurated an era from that date which came to be known as the Saka era (Sakabda) which is still current in different parts of India. The Kushana kings assumed titles Mahisvara, Devaputra, Kaisar, Shahnu Shah, etc. From the inscription it is known that Vema the strong scion of the Kushana race. Vajishka, Jushka. But there is a little discrepancy between the relevant statements in these two Chinese annals Tsien Han-shu by Panku and Hou Han-shu by Fan-ye, written at different times. Kaniska dispatched missionaries to China and Central Asia to propagate Buddhism. Kun-ahr) was a major world power in Central Asia and northern India from the first to the mid-third centuries CE. The beneficence of his rule was seem in the prosperity of the people resulting from the influx of huge quantity of gold by way of trade with foreign countries like China, Rome, etc. The Rabatak inscription in Afghanistan contains information on Kanishkas reign. The discovery of powerful fortifications and various other architectural features indicate that Khiva was an important administrative center during this period, with suburbs that utilized the waters of the Kheikan (Palvan-yab) canal. It is of interest to note that the areas in the north-west which were under the Bactrians. 0. The invasions of the White Huns in the fifth century, and later the expansion of Islam, ultimately wiped out those remnants of the Kushan empire. The Kushan empire lasted till 350 CE. Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and Kanishka were the most notable Kushan rulers. According to Hiuen TSang Kanishka Raja of Gandhara in old days having subdued all the neighbouring provinces and brought into obedience the people of distant countries, governed by his army a wide territory even to the east of the Tsung-ling mountains. Selection of Purushapura, i.e. The Kushanas were foreign invaders, and they have become totally Indian in their ways and culture. Welcome to HistoryDiscussion.net! Charaka, the celebrated master of the science of medicine, was the court physician of Kanishka. The Kushan Empire lasted from 350 BCE until 350 CE. He administered the territory from two capitals: Purushapura (now Peshawar in northern Pakistan) and Mathura, in northern India. [9] Northward, in the second century C.E., the Kushans under Kanishka made various forays into the Tarim Basin, seemingly the original ground of their ancestors the Yuezhi, where they had contacts with the Chinese. There is no doubt that the rising empire of the Sassanians administered a staggering blow to the declining strength of the Kushanas who were ruling in northern, north-western parts of India and beyond. We have, however, no details about the war with the king of Kashmir. The Kushans (also Kushanas) belonged to the Yueh-chi tribe tribe who lived in Chinese Turkistan. Dr. Raichaudhuri draws our attention to the fact that it is clearly mentioned in the Junagarh inscription that Rudradamana held sway over the lower Sindhu region in the first half of the second century A.D. According to Dr. Smith Kujula Kadphises-I wrested Kabul valley from the Parthians, made himself master of Gandhara and Bactria, as also extended his sway upto Taxila. There is a controversy with regard to the venue of the Council. The Kushana period witnessed a remarkable development in art, sculpture and architecture. Kaniska was his father. 7th century We have helped over 1 crore users since 2012 with their Bank, SSC, Railways, Insurance, Teaching and other competitive Exams preparation. But during Kanishkas time worship of the image of Buddha came into use. They were Indias first kings to issue enormous quantities of gold coins. The last great Kushan emperor, the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanids as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanids or Kushanshahs from around 240 C.E. Besides these worthies, the Greek engineer Agesilaus and many others played a leading part in the religious, literary, scientific, philosophical and artistic activities of the reign. 9th century Kushan Empire [Art Piece: Standing Buddha from Gandhara, Pakistan] (jan 1, 30 BC - jan 1, 375) Description: This period of time birthed two important art styles: the Gandhara Style and the Mathura Style. Indigenous literature like the epic, the Puranas, Kalhanas Rajatarangini, Asvaghosas Buddhacharita, Kumaralatas Kalpanamandika, Nagarjunas Madhyamikasutra threw a flood of light on the history of the Kushanas. The technique of art reached a high standard of development. History 106. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". But on a careful analysis of the archaeological and numismatic evidences scholars have come to the conclusion that there can be no doubt that the Kanishka group of kings did not precede but followed the Kadphises group of kings. Vasudeva III reported son of Vasudeva III,a King, uncertain. Kadphises-II was a valiant warrior and a successful conqueror. The most active period for building of new fortresses and caravanserais was the era of the Golden Horde. Here he erected numerous monuments and founded a town, which although now reduced to a petty village, still bears his honoured name. He struck copper coins that were modelled after Roman coins. (Helios), (Hephaistos), (Selene), (Anemos). Go through the following points to understand whothe Kushans were and a brief history of the Kushan empire: The founders of the Kushan Dynasty were the Hsi-hou (Yuvaga or leaders) of Kuei-Shuang (Kushana), perhaps a clan which was a part of Ta Yueh-chin or the Great Hueh-chin people. They instituted the Satrap system of governance, which split the empire into various satrapies, each governed by a Satrap. But the Gandhara School of art achieved a grand success in. In the period 200 B.C. becoming the parent of the Buddhist art of Eastern and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan. Kushan Empire 80-250 (jan 1, 80 - jan 1, 250) Added to timeline: 3 days ago. The prosperity of the empire attested by the fine gold coins struck by Kadphises I appears to have increased under Kanishka. The sculptors, painters, as well as the architects of his time also became active propagandists of Buddhism. Kanishka happens to be one of the few kings in history who came in as a conqueror and won an empire but was conquered by the religion, language and culture of the country of his conquest. "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the, Mukherjee, B.N. Vima Kadphises was the first ruler to issue gold coins extensively due to the favorable trade conditions between Rome and the Indian subcontinent at the time. The Gatidhara School of art was the product of Graeco-Roman-Buddhist school of art and sculpture. Buddhism received Kanishkas undivided attention. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Thanks to research on country settlements and dwellings of the first through the fourteenth centuries, it has become possible to trace the history of land ownership, farming, architecture, and construction techniques. The detailed information in this event refers to the period described in title. The Chinese account of the aggrandizement of power by Kui-tsiu-kio corroborated by Pantiar inscription bearing the date 122 corresponding to 64 A.D. wherein there is mention of Maharaja Cushana refer to none other than Kujula Kadphises. Mathara, a politician of great acumen, was a minister of Kanishka. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Kushans had been predominantly Zoroastrian and later Buddhist. During his time, Buddhism was split into Mahayana and Hinayana schools. Rapson has demonstrated the untenability of this view basing his argument on the numismatic evidence that Kujula Kadphises could not have succeeded Hemaues and these two were separated by a long gap of time. They fix his reign from 65 A.D. to 75 A.D. Sten Konow and Sir John Marshalls opinion that Kadphises-II came to the throne in 78 A.D. from which the Saka era (Sakabda) is counted is also considered untenable by modern scholars, for this view has not been corroborated by any independent evidence. It was also responsible for the flow of ideas and things between other civilizations because of the Kushanas unique geographical location, which served as a clearinghouse for ideas and goods from many civilizations. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The religious eclecticism of Huvishka and Kanishka II as notified from their coins is less evident under Vasudeva I. His reign seems to have been peaceful, consolidating power in northern India and moving the center of the Kushan Empire to the southern capital city of Mathura. The Yaudheyas the Kunindas, the Madras, the Arjunayanas, the Nagas, Padmavati, Achhatra and Kantipuri and Maghas pulled down the mighty edifice. Scholars have pointed out that pictures of dancing warriors, looking like ancient Khivans, elegant harpists revived in the art of Khorezmian khalfa, and magnificent pictures of wall painting revived by local artists are important links in the chain that connects us with ancient Khorezmian civilization. This makes accession of Kanishka in 78 AD. Vima Kadphises was the son of Sadakshana and the father of Kanishka, according to the Rabatak inscription. After him, only Vasudeva I was able to run the empire well enough. They practised the dual hereditary rule, in which two monarchs governed at the same time. The conversion is supposed to have taken place after some years he had been on the throne. The Kushans developed Greco-Buddhism by fusing Hellenistic and Buddhist religious symbols and beliefs, thus creating a form of Mahayana Buddhism. The Maghas of Kausambi originally belonged to Rewa in the Vindhya Pradesh but in course of time they extended their sway over Kausambi and the neighbouring regions. This practice of rule through Great Satraps and Satraps was the continuation of the system followed by the Sakas and the Pahlavas. The Kushan Empire lasted from 350 BCE until 350 CE. Although the society, generally speaking, retained the original fourfold division into Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras, but the rigidity of the caste-system under the Kushanas does not seem to be so exclusive as to preclude foreigners from entering the Hindu Society. He became a worshipper of Siva. In the Hinayana form the worship of Buddha was only by relics like footprint of Buddha, an empty seat of Buddha, that is, some sort of symbol used to be placed in front of the worshipper. The unmistakable influence of Rome on the Indian coinage of the time could be noticed. From the Chinese source as also from Buddhist traditions we come to know Kanishka conquered Kajangal in the Rajmahal hills in Bengal, some parts of Malda, Murshidabad, Bogra, Midnapur, etc. Kanishkas reign constituted a brilliant epoch in the history of ancient India and the darkness that descended on the Indian History after the fall of the Mauryas was lifted during his reign. He was a devotee of Shiva, which can be seen from the coins he issued. Totally indigenous art also flourished during his reign at Amaravati. Some scholars suggest a period of conflict and confusion soon after the death of Kadphises and Kanishka-I had to suppress the disorder before, accession. The Kushana Empire went the way of all other empires in history and fell victim to decay and fall, the inexorable law of Nature. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. On the basis of the Takht-i-Bahi inscription Sten Konow suggests that Kujula Kadphises was not a chief in c 45 A.D. far less the master of all the five Yue-chi tribes. He asserts that there is, in fact, no Feal discrepancy in the two Chinese annals, and that the Kushanas were among five hi-hous as such were feudatories of the Yue-chi king. The detailed information in this event refers to the period described in title. They took this name from the Chinese, who referred to their monarchs as Sons of Heaven. According to some it was held at Kundavana in Kashmir but others hold that it met at Jullundur in the Punjab. . But in absence of any other evidences to support the indirect evidence furnished by the find spots of the coins of Kanishka it is difficult to come to any definite conclusion with regard to the inclusion of Bengal in Kanishkas empire. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. They adapted the Greek alphabet, often corrupted, to suit their own language, using the additional development of the letter "sh," as in "Kushan," and soon began minting coinage on the Greek model. (2) Whether Kanishka started his rule in 78 A.D. or later or earlier. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. The commentaries were collected in Mahavibhasha, regarded as the Buddhist encyclopaedia. Kushan or Indo-Scythian Period. He summoned the fourth Buddhist Council at Kundalvana in Kashmir. . Gradually wresting control of the area from the Scythian tribes, the Kushans expanded south into the region traditionally known as Gandhara, an area lying primarily in Pakistan's Pothowar, and Northwest Frontier Provinces region but going in an arc to include Kabul valley and part of Qandahar in Afghanistan, and established twin capitals near present-day Kabul and Peshawar then known as Kapisa and Pushklavati respectively. The first drove out the Sakas and took over Bactria (North Afghanistan). the post-Mauryan period. 3rd century B.C.E. Again, the coins of Kanishka and Huvishka, although differ in some details, they seem to be largely prototypes of Wima Kadiphises. Um 80-113. Provenance: Ownership History Available. Qiujiuque (Kujula Kadphises) was more than 80 years old when he died. Content Guidelines 2. The dark age that commenced upon the downfall of the Maurya Empire and the political unity which the labours of Chandragupta and Asoka gave to India, was broken by the intruding Indo-Greek Parthian and the Scythians ended with the triumph of the Kushanas. HISTORY 106. He also played the part of a conqueror in the early years of his reign. Kushan Empire or the imperial Kushanas established their empire in the vast areas of Asia, transcending the language and racial barriers. The happy blending of these diverse influences gave a new life to the Indian culture which was for a time became somewhat disturbed by foreign invasions. This needed great concentration of mind on the part of the worshipper and the method was very subtle and could be followed by persons of great self-control, and of deepest religious bent of mind. Dr. Smith places Kad- phises-I between 40 and 70 A.D. It is true that the Kushanas who had become totally Indianised, adopted Indian social customs, religion and culture yet the ruling houses dispossessed by them were not reconciled to their rule and as soon as the Kushana rulers showed signs of weakness, the Indians rose in revolt. India had a brisk trade with Rome and China where- from gold poured in due to the balance of trade that India had. The city of Purushapura, his capital, Taxila, Mathura were beautified by monasteries, stupas, etc. Among the foreign literary sources, reference may be made to the Chinese historian Pan-kus History of the First Han Dynasty (Tsien Han-shu), history of the later Han dynasty (Hon Han-shu) by Fan-ye, chronicle of Ma-twan-lin, account of Chang-kien, the Chinese ambassador to Bactria, account of Chinese traveler Hiuen-Tsang, etc. The Kushanas, an outlandish race, gradually became thoroughly Hinduised. Asvaghosa was indeed one of the luminaries that graced the court of Kanishka. The Gandhara art, according to V. A. Smith, was based on the cosmopolitan art of the Asia Minor and the Roman Empire. The ornamental sculpture depicted in the Amaravati medallion bear testimony to the excellence of purely Indian style uninfluenced by any foreign art. Their economy was based on farming, with the use of ploughing and irrigation, and cattle breeding. until the succession of Vasudeva I, about 40 years later. The Royal Hall contained 138 statues and an altar in honor of the ancestors of the royal family both real and legendary. ), with walls decorated by carved alabaster. Kaniskas descendants ruled until the year 230 AD. V.V. Oliveboard Live Courses & Mock Test Series. The extent of the Roman influence on the Kushana currency can as well be understood from the coins of the time. Kanishkas patronage of art and learning marked the beginning of a cultural renaissance which was to reach its peak and flower under the Guptas A large volume of Sanskrit literary works both religious and secular, was produced during the period. 2022 All Right Reserved Oliveboard Pvt. Many questions have been asked about the Kushan empire inUPSC Prelimsand Mains. During this time, Sanskrit literature started to develop. . At Mathura find of Kanishkas headless statue is an example of the massive sculptural art of the time. Vasumitra acted as the President and Asvaghosha as the Vice-President of the Council. There is a good deal of controversy about the date of the first Kushana king. 454. jbkbk. We may, therefore, conclude that at least a part of Magadha including Pataliputra was conquered by Kanishka. SSC CPO Exam Analysis 9 November 2022 | All Shifts, SSC CPO Exam Analysis 11 November 2022 | All Shifts, SSC CPO Exam Analysis 2022 For Tier 1 | 9 11 November 2022, SSC CGL Previous Year Vacancies Trend 2017 to 2022, Citizenship Indian Constitution, Provisions, Citizenship, Oliveboard - , Upcoming Government Exams 2022 Calendar -: Latest Updates for IBPS, SBI, SSC, UPSC Exams, Bolt Monthly Current Affairs PDF | Free GK eBook Download, Best Telegram Group for Banking Aspirants. The Founder of Kushan Dynasty should be covered thoroughly for both the UPSC Prelims and the UPSC Mains as questions are asked from this topic specifically. In India, the Kushan empire was divided into two dynasties. Thus his empire extended from the borders of Persia to the Indus. Fragments of paintings of horses, tigers, birds are also visible. There is no clear evidence of Vasudevas extent of empire. Falk, Harry. A Chaitya with rows of columns on two sides was a fine work of art of sculpture and architecture. Asvaghoshas Buddhacharita, Saudarananda Kavya, Vajrasuchi, Sariputta Prakarana, Vasumitras Mahabibhasaregarded as the Buddhist encyclopaedia, Nagarjunas Madhyamika-Sutra in which the theory of relativity was propounded, Charakas work on medicine, etc. The very name dinara of gold coins seems to have close affinity with the Roman denarius and drama for silver coins has been adopted from the Greek drachma. Decline of kanishka Empire Kanishka was succeeded by his son Vasishka.Vasishka was followed by Huvishka and Kanishka II (son of Vasishka).Kanishka II was followed by Vasudeva I. Vasudeva I was the last great king of the Kushanas. Maitreya, with Indian (left) and Kushan (right) devotees. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Gupta Empire subjugated the Eastern Kushan Empire in the mid fourth century C.E. They migrated across the Tarim Basin to Bactria between 165-128 BCE and were one of the five clans into which the Yueh-chi tribe was divided. The Kushan dynasty was a branch of the Yueh-chi, a nomadic group of people who inhabited territories near Dunhuang. He was tolerant of all religions. At the beginning of our era, the powerful Kushan Empire appeared on the historical stage. The decline of the Kushana Empire Kanishka was succeeded by his son Vasishka. Pliny bitterly complained against drainage of Roman gold to India. During the time of Kushans, Buddha was first shown in human form in this region. These princes were Nagadatta, Nagasena, Ganapatinaga. It must be noted that in Khorezm as well as in all Central Asia, the development of towns in the seventh through the twelfth centuries was not marked primarily by the appearance of new towns but by work done on old towns. When the Kushan kingdoms took over, rulers and their entourage wore Persian coats, tunics and trousers . Kushan Empire (jan 1, 30 - jan 1, 375) Added to timeline: 3 months ago. He is credited with defeating the Chinese and thereby avenging the defeat of his predecessor Kadphises II at the hands of the Chinese general Pan-chao and compelled the Chinese to surrender hostages to him. Sogdian is also important, spoken by the merchants who were engaged in the silk trade and who thus traversed Central Asia. Kujula captured the Kabul area from Arsacids (the imperial Parthians) and Chi-pin from the Indo Parthians. (1) Cunningham was the first writer to sponsor the theory that Kanishkas era started from 58 B.C. The reign of Vasudeva I (d. 225) marked the last great king of the Kushan Empire. They were the furthest eastern Indo-European speaking people. At the time of accession to the throne Kanishkas empire comprised Afghanistan, large part of Sindhu, portions of Parthia and the Punjab. 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