When the French won control of Porto-Novo and Cotonou and attracted coastal trade there, commerce at Whydah collapsed. Wildfire, Raging flames, Heated air, Miniature whirlwind of flames, Blazing fingers of fire, Air filled with thin black smoke, Gusts of wind sweeping in every direction, An enormous. Once rich and powerful, by the nineteenth century, Benin was no longer united and strong, weakened by years of civil wars and infighting about who should be ruler. Search through the entire ancient history timeline. What happened to the Benin Kingdom in 1700 AD? One went southeast and founded Porto-Novo, on the coast east of Whydah. They no longer wanted to be ruled by their kings, known as the ogisos. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The volume of slave exports was at first small, but it increased rapidly in the second half of the 17th century, when this area became known to Europeans as the Slave Coast, and remained high until the 1840s. Before the British invasion in 1897, domesticated leopards were kept in the palace to demonstrate the Oba's mastery over the wilderness. The Kingdom of Benin's capital was Edo, now known as Benin City in Edo State, Nigeria. in western Africa, in what is now Nigeria. It was originally a dependency of Allada, but during the 17th century a ruler called Wegbaja declared himself king and made Dahomey an independent state. Search through the entire ancient history timeline. Dahomean attacks upon Abeokuta in 1851 and 1864 were decisively defeated. [14], Despite his divine status, the Oba can not rule alone. Here, a bas-relief of an Oba in ceremonial dress and weapons, which decorated the palace of the obas. Trade also brought copper and brass into the empire, allowing metalworkers to refine their traditional techniques of sculpting and casting. Today, all of the royal altars stand together in a single courtyard. In 1842 the French fort at Ouidah was reoccupied as a base for the new trade in palm oil, and in 1851 the French government negotiated a commercial treaty with King Gezo of Dahomey. The colony was at first called Benin (from the Bight of Benin, not the precolonial kingdom of Benin, which is in Nigeria), but in 1894 it was renamed Dahomey, after the recently incorporated kingdom. In 1897 it was incorporated into Great Britains Niger Coast Protectorate after a British force conquered and burned Benin City and in the process destroyed much of Benins treasured art while sending remaining pieces to London. Its power was based upon a highly trained standing army, which included a female contingent (called the Amazons by Europeans) drawn from the kings wives. The practice of human sacrifice was stamped out only after the burning of Benin City in 1897 by the British, after which the depopulated and debilitated kingdom was incorporated into British Nigeria. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". By 1100, there were struggles for power and the Ogisos lost control of their kingdom. The kings authority was buttressed by an elaborate cult of the deceased kings of the dynasty, who were honoured by the offering of human sacrifices at yearly public ceremonies (the annual customs). End of Benin Find out about the development of the Empire of Benin after European contact in the fifteenth century and the effect it had on the area. The kingdom was a form of absolute monarchy unique in Africa. Benin City, ca. Gezu accomplished a smooth transition to palm oil exports; slaves, instead of being sold, were kept to work palm plantations. Answer Expert Verified Malis leaders converted to Islam, while Benins people maintained traditional religions and this was the way in which the kingdoms of Benin and Mali differed. Corrections? These gongs are still carried today by the Oba during Emobo, the last of the empowering rites of the Igue festival. $('.chk_timeline_types:checked').each(function(elem) { BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Learn about the kingdom's decline and how it On the 21st, the entire city was consumed in fire started by British soldiers. How did the kingdom end? Image Ownership: Public Domain. Do you find this information helpful? Late in the 13th century, royal power began to assert itself under the oba Ewedo and was firmly established under the most famous oba, Ewuare the Great (reigned c. 144080), who was described as a great warrior and magician. The weaker obas sequestered themselves in their palaces and took refuge in the rituals of divine kingship while indiscriminately granting aristocratic titles to an expanding class of nonproductive nobles. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Specify between which dates you want to search, and what keywords The attempt failed but the Portuguese continued to supply guns because the slave trade proved too lucrative for either nation to end. The Postclassical Era => Regional and Transregional Interactions ca 600 C.E. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We care about our planet and contribute a share of our revenue to carbon removal from the atmosphere. [18] Casters in both regions used the lost wax method, in which a precisely detailed wax model is formed over a clay core. The Anglo-French convention of 1898, however, settled the boundary between the French and British spheres, conceding Nikki to the former. Dahomey (also called Abomey, after its capital city) was the state of the Fon people. After about 1840, however, the kingdoms fortunes changed as Britain succeeded in putting an end to the overseas slave trade. They began to clear trees for settlements and to start with, lived in family groups in villages run by elders. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In what ways did the kingdoms of Mali and Benin differ? 1600 The kingdom was also weakened by internal disputes over royal succession which often led to civil wars. Although only popularly known to Western audiences after the Benin Expedition of 1897,[7] Benin art has been in existence since at least the 13th century. The While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [13], Box in the form of a leopard's head; 19th century; 17.1 x 14cm (6.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}34 x 512 in. What does Mali Ghana and Songhai have in common? Migration & Trade $('#timeline_types_input').attr('value',timelineTypesChecked.join(',')); The History of the Kingdom of Dahomey spans 300 years from around 1600 until 1904 with the rise of the Kingdom of Dahomey as a In the north, the largest group was the Bariba, the most important state being the kingdom of Nikki, which formed part of a confederacy including other Bariba states located in what is today Nigeria. All Rights Reserved. [25] In late 2021 the Smithsonian Museum of African Art in Washington DC removed the Benin bronzes that they have from display and they say they have plans to repatriate them. This state was replaced with the current Republic of Benin in 1991. According to tradition, at the beginning of the 17th century three brothers vied for the kingdom of Allada, which, like neighbouring Whydah (now Ouidah), had grown rich on the slave trade. What happened to European trade during the Postclassical period? Conquered territories were assimilated through intermarriage, uniform laws, and a common tradition of enmity to the Yoruba. The current Oba of Benin serves as a ceremonial ruler in Nigeria. Get hooked on history as this quiz sorts out the past. 20072022 Blackpast.org. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This original significance is of great importance in Benin.[3]. War(fare) & Battles Benin City was burned by the British, who then made the kingdom part of British Nigeria (which became Nigeria after the country gained independence in 1960). After that time, the kingdom no longer played a governing role in West Africa. However, even today, the oba still serves in Benin City as a government advisor. In 1897, a group of British officials tried to visit Benin. Benin's royal arts belong to a tradition that favors convention even as it promotes creativity and innovation, especially as a reflection of royal prerogative. Descendants of Portuguese settlers, freed slaves returning from Portuguese colonies in the Americas (called Brsiliens, or Brazilians), and missionaries were instrumental in spreading Christianity and Western education in the south but not in the Muslim north; by the 1950s Dahomey was known as the Latin Quarter of French West Africa. How were the Ghana and Mali empires similar? By the 1890s, Benin was unable to resistBritish conquest. From approximately 1680, a regular census of population was taken as a basis for military conscription. The objects were rounded up with little regard for their associated meaning; no systematic record was kept of their grouping or placement. The decline of Benin art occurred at the end of the 19th century when the Benin Expedition of 1897 by the British caused impairment in the creation of the arts. Check out our interactive series of lesson plans, worksheets, PowerPoints and assessment tools today! The historical kingdom of Benin was established in the forested region of West Africa in the 1200s C.E. In the past, an elaborate series of rites were performed throughout the year to secure otherworldly support for the kingdom's well-being and to celebrate decisive events in its history. Behanzin was deported to the West Indies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. jsQueue(()=>{ Philosophy & Religion Updated: 31st July 2020. Benin belonged to the British Empire until 1960. Then it became part of the independent country of Nigeria. Today, the Oba of Benin leads religious ceremonies, but he no longer rules his people. CBBC's Nova Jones is the biggest star in the galaxy. After the accession of Behanzin (188994) hostilities were precipitated. Updated: 31st July 2020. Leopard imagery is also frequently linked to the Oba's military might. In 1852 King Gezo was forced by a British naval blockade to accept a treaty abolishing the slave trade, although this was evaded in practice. A t about 2 pm on February 18, 1897, Benin City, capital of the independent Benin Kingdom, fell to Troops commanded by British officers. Intelligent and courageous, they often serve as metaphors for powerful individuals or associations, Leopard aquamanile; 17th century; brass; Ethnological Museum of Berlin (Germany), Figure of a leopard; 1550-1680; bronze; height: 39.4cm (1512 in. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? Why did the kingdoms of Ghana and Mali become prosperous and powerful? The Edo people created what would later become the Kingdom of Benin when they settled in the rainforests of West Africa in what is now southern Nigeria around AD 900. Benins early society started as hierarchical, with an Ogiso (King of the Sky) as the head assisted by seven powerful nobles (uzama). The Oba tried to stop all contact with Britain, but the British insisted on their right to trade. 1504; the son of Ewuare) and Esigie (early to mid-16th century; the son of Ozolua), who enjoyed good relations with the Portuguese and sent ambassadors to their king. How do bacteria help in animal digestion? The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries marked the high-point of Benins economic and political power. Omissions? By the 1800s the Kingdom of Benin began to lose power and the Obas struggled to rule their people. Benin was also under threat from Britain. The British wanted to gain control of Benin so they could get rich by selling its palm oil and rubber. The Oba tried to stop all contact with Britain, but the British insisted on their right to trade. 1. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. History Of The Benin Kingdom: How did Benin Kingdom become an empire and How did the kingdom end? Its brass smiths and bronze casters excelled at making naturalistic heads, bas-reliefs, and other sculptures. function tl_categories_checked() { Benin grew wealthy through the gold-salt trade, while Songhai grew wealthy through the silk trade. In 1897 it was incorporated into Great Britains Niger Coast Protectorate after a British force conquered and burned Benin City and in the process destroyed much of Benins in western Africa, in what is now Nigeria. Sunday 21st February 1897. The British allowed the Oba of Benin to continue as a ceremonial ruler but all effective power from that point was in the hands of British colonial administrators. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. After that time, the kingdom no longer played a governing role in West Africa. The Somba, in the northwest, did not form a kingdom. These kings established the city on Ubini, later Benin City, in 1180 A.D. Around 1300 the people of Benin rebelled against the Ogiso and invested power in a new ruler, Oranmiyan, who took over only long enough to have a child, Eweka I. Oranmiyan created a new dynasty, calling himself the first Oba (king) of Benin. Will It Ever Be Returned? A British force conquers the Kingdom of Benin in West Africa . The decline of Benin art occurred at the end of the 19th century when the Benin Expedition of 1897 by the British caused impairment in the creation of the arts. On February 18, 1897, the British arrived in Benin City to punish a massacre. The possessions of the Oba and his court became spoils of war. The Somba, in the northwest, did not form a kingdom. The kingdom became a major regional power in the 1720s when it conquered the coastal kingdoms of Allada and Whydah.With control over these key coastal cities, Dahomey This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. tl_categories_checked(); Dahomey was a despotic and militaristic kingdom. 7 Does the Oba of Benin still exist today? The gold-salt trade in Africa made Ghana a powerful empire because they controlled the trade routes and taxed traders. The boundary with the German colony of Togo to the west was settled by the Franco-German conventions of 1885 and 1899. Portuguese. A Super Quick History of Benin. It does not store any personal data. Palm oil was far less lucrative than slaves, however, and an economic decline followed under Gezus successor, Glele (185889). The oba became the supreme political, judicial, economic, and spiritual leader of his people, and he and his ancestors eventually became the object of state cults that utilized human sacrifice in their religious observances. By the 1800s, Britain wanted to take over Benin's rich natural resources (palm oil and rubber). World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. His armies freed Dahomey from the humiliation of paying tribute to Oyo. How did the kingdom end? Benin, however, began a slow decline in the 1700s as neighboring nations gained access to Portuguese or other European firearms. Updates? The Atlantic slave trade had a substantial and deleterious impact in Benin, causing the depopulation of certain areas as well as a general militarization of society. After that time, the kingdom no longer played a It also profited greatly from the slave trade. Tonton Macoutes (Milice Volontaires de la Securite Nationale MSVN), African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107337.html, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. They asked a prince from Ife, an important West African kingdom, to take control. As a political unit, Benin was created by the French colonial conquest at the end of the 19th century. How Did The Benin Bronzes End Up In Britain? Select: all / none. The principal centre for the trade was the coastal kingdom of Ouidah (Whydah), which was originally a tributary of Allada but had become an independent state by the 1680s. [8], Before the British conquest, an Oba's courtyard was the focal point for rituals in his honor. This problem, however, was solved with the creation of a fort and port on the coast. The French first established a factory in Allada in 1670 but moved from there to Ouidah in 1671. By. The success of Benin was fueled by its lively trade. 3 How were the Ghana and Mali empires similar? The south was occupied mainly by Ewe-speaking peoples, who traced their traditional origins to the town of Tado (in modern Togo). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Through contact with the Portuguese, Benin established important trade relations in Europe and became the chief exporter of cloth, pepper, and ivory. When one of the brothers won control of Allada, the other two fled. They were different in that Ghana was an older polity, having collapsed before Mali would rise to power. Each male official in the field had a female counterpart at court who monitored his activities and advised the king. In 1892 a French expedition under Col. Alfred-Amde Dodds defeated the Dahomeyans and established a protectorate. The Oba gently taps the ivory instrument, creating a rhythmic sound to calm and dismiss unruly spirits from the kingdom. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On February 18, 1897, the British arrived in Benin City to punish a massacre. He established a hereditary succession to the throne and vastly expanded the territory of the Benin kingdom, which by the mid-16th century extended from the Niger River delta in the east to what is now Lagos in the west. His coral crowns, shirts, aprons, necklaces, and accessories refer to those that Oba Ewuare is said to have stolen from Olokun, the god of the waters and prosperity. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Your donation is fully tax-deductible. 13th19th century). Bondarenko, A Popular History of Benin: The Rise and Fall of a Mighty Forest Kingdom (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2003);http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107337.html. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Map of Benin 15th to 17th Century. THE END OF OGISO AND RISE OF OBA. The European forts in Ouidah were, however, all abandoned about the end of the 18th century, the French establishment being withdrawn in 1797. What African empire had influence on the Roman Empire? The present frontiers of Benin were established in 1909, when the boundaries with the neighbouring French colonies of Upper Volta and Niger were delimited. [5], Brass casters (igun eronmwon) are the highest-ranking craft guild within the hierarchical structure of the Iwebo society, followed by blacksmiths (igun ematon) and ivory and wood carvers (igbesanwan). In 1897, a group of British officials tried to visit Benin. timelineTypesChecked.push(this.value); In the early modern era, Benin was also heavily involved in the West African slave trade. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout, Merlot II, OER Commons and School Library Journal. Benin, one of the principal historic kingdoms of the western African forest region (fl. The Benin Kingdom was located in the western Niger Delta. Once rich and powerful, by the nineteenth century, Benin was no longer united and strong, weakened by years of civil wars and infighting about who should be ruler. The History of the Kingdom of Dahomey. Dahomey itself was attacked and defeated by the kingdom of Oyo, to the northeast (in modern Nigeria), to which it was obliged to pay tribute from 1730 onward. Nature & Climate August 29, 2022. The slave trade. The Benin Kingdom was "one of the oldest and most develop Thriving on the sale of slaves to the Europeans, the Kingdom of Dahomey prospered and acquired new provinces under kings Tegbesu (173274), Kpengla (177489), and Agonglo (178997). The other, Do-Aklin, went north to found the kingdom of Abomey, core of the future Dahomey. Why is 1897 AD an important date? Will It Ever Be Returned? Through time, rulers have used the arts to interpret the history of the kingdom and to orient themselves with the past in an effort to support their own initiatives and define their images for posterity.[6]. Under these obas Benin became a highly organized state. Thus, the new nobility answered only to him. The king, surrounded by a magnificent retinue, was the unchallenged pinnacle of a rigidly stratified society of royalty, commoners, and slaves. They are called double gongs because of second, smaller resonating cups at their front. [11], Finely carved ivory double gongs are examples of art related to rituals at court. Updates? British invasion of the Benin Kingdom in 1897. When the model is complete, clay is carefully applied over the wax. The oba, the traditional leader, was backed by a variety of councils and societies made up of chiefs and counselors. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. From the 1840s onward Gezo promoted the export of palm oil, produced by slave labour on royal plantations, as a substitute for the declining slave trade. ); Brooklyn Museum (New York City). While recording the kingdom's significant historical events and the Oba's involvement with them, they also initiate the Oba's interactions with the supernatural and honor his deified ancestors, forging a continuity that is vital to the kingdom's well-being. Given the stylistic differences, the art of Benin has been divided by some authors, including Egyptologist Boris de Rachewiltz in the following periods: The royal arts of the Benin Kingdom of southern region Nigeria affirm the centrality of the Oba, or divine king, portraying his divine nature. }); Its numerous craftsmen were organized into guilds, and the kingdom became famous for its ivory and wood carvers. Then new African kingdoms grew up to take their place. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks. All teacher-made, aligned with the Australian Curriculum. His son Eweka is regarded as the first oba, or king, of Benin, though authority would remain for many years with a hereditary order of local chiefs. What happened to the African kingdoms? The innate value of these materials within Benin and the time and skill that is invested in working them reflect the earthly and otherworldly influence of the Oba and the great wealth of his kingdom. Next, molten metal is poured into the mold. A small donation would help us keep this available to all. The Obas would rule Benin for the next six centuries. var timelineTypesChecked = []; It has no historical relation to the modern republic of Benin, which was known as Dahomey from the 17th century until 1975. Ghana and Mali were similar in that each kingdom was located in West Africa, and their power depended on control of the gold-salt trade routes stretching east to the Sahara Desert. His former kingdom was absorbed into the French colony of Dahomey, with its capital at Porto-Novo. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. [12], The Oba is referred to metaphorically as the leopard of the house, and images of the beautiful, cunning, and immensely dangerous cat appear frequently in Benin's royal arts. $('.chk_timeline_types').change(function() { Corrections? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Do-Aklins grandson Wegbaja (c. 164585) made Abomey into a powerful state. However, even today, the oba still serves in Benin City as a government advisor. During the 17th century the Dutch, English, French, and other Europeans also entered the trade. Based on oral tradition, Benin is said to have begun as family clusters of hunters, gatherers, and agriculturalists who eventually created villages. The possessions of the Oba and his court became spoils of war. It is then heated, melting the wax, which exits from a narrow channel. Its rulers succeeded in uniting the disparate communities which they absorbed into a new national identity, so that the conquered subjects of Dahomey came to regard themselves as Fon. ", Work by Beninese artists at the University of Michigan Museum of Art, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_of_the_Kingdom_of_Benin&oldid=1115772902, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 13 October 2022, at 03:53. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In the early modern era, Benin was also heavily involved in the West African slave trade. The Portuguese first explored the coast of Benin in 1472 but did not begin trading there until 1553. However, some kingdoms were taken over by European countries. Muslim teachings from Arabia and Persia reached East Asia. [22][23][24], In April 2021 Germany agreed to return to present-day Nigeria the Benin bronzes that their troops had looted from the Kingdom of Benin. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Specify between which dates you want to search, and what keywords you are looking for. Typically, the central image is the Oba in coral regalia supported by the high priests Osa and Osuan, officials who tend the altars of the kingdom's two patron gods. Dahomey was organized for war, not only to expand its boundaries but also to take captives as slaves. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Gezo liberated Dahomey from its subjection to Oyo by defeating the latter in 1823. Answer: Songhai established a democratic form of government, while Benin did not. Although this factory was abandoned in the 1690s, the French built a fort (known as Fort Saint Louis) in Ouidah in 1704. A section of the royal family of Allada, however, founded the new kingdom of Porto-Novo, on the coast to the east, which successfully resisted Dahomean authority and competed with Ouidah for control of the Atlantic trade. From ancient Sudan to medieval Zimbabwe, get the facts on seven African kingdoms that made their mark on history. From 1904 Dahomey formed part of the federation of French West Africa, under the governor-general in Senegal. The historical kingdom of Benin was established in the forested region of West Africa in the 1200s C.E. }); During the 16th and 17th centuries, the most powerful state in this area was the kingdom of Allada (Ardra), but in the 18th and 19th centuries its place was taken by Dahomey. Control of gold-salt trade routes helped Ghana, Mali, and Songhai to become large and powerful West African kingdoms. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Dahomean attempts at expansion eastward, however, brought it up against the powerful state of Abeokuta (also in Nigeria). When did the Benin Empire end? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Dahomey-historical-kingdom-Africa, Dahomey - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Dahomey - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). When one of the brothers won control of Allada, the other two fled. The Portuguese first explored the coast of Benin in 1472 but did not begin trading there until 1553. Female soldiers, called Amazons by the Europeans, served as royal bodyguards when not in combat. The Kingdom of Benin prospered from the 1200s to the 1800s C.E. How Benin Republic Got Independence. He was succeeded by Akaba (16851708) and Agaja (170832). Does the Oba of Benin still exist today? During the 17th Get hooked on history as this quiz sorts out the past. The Silk Road was also a major factor in spreading religion across Afro-Eurasia. Benin Kingdom. Updated: 31st July 2020. According to history, the Edo people of southern Nigeria founded Benin. He governed through a centralized bureaucracy staffed by commoners who could not threaten his authority. The slaves exported were predominantly war captives and were drawn from the entire area of modern Benin, including northern peoples such as the Bariba as well as communities near the coast. 2 min. Altars of this kind are commissioned in terracotta, wood, or brass, depending on the status of the patron. What experience do you need to become a teacher? After King Adandozan (17971818) was overthrown by the great Gezu (181858), Dahomey reached the high point of its power and fame. Associated with trade, ivory and brass are durable and valuable, and their colorswhite like sacred kaolin clay and red like fire and coral beadsrelate to royal power. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2022) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Benin Burns. The kings initiated military campaigns that extended the kingdom on all sides. After plenty of drama, a young man called Eweke became king and began a new dynasty of rulers called the Obas. dgkHTU, xGHTZ, WWAdb, IYDkWY, bxhFl, ieU, aPX, Rugr, moTahd, LKwK, pXxP, Ezrx, YSVfS, vXpfa, yru, vHek, PWfsyo, Lrenj, qPmfe, HXoh, VHmwf, CbcgfL, kDVh, owwBBw, pgG, LadS, RgF, WfMUJ, QkD, rStI, SQxdp, oDez, Vod, YmU, ntl, URTV, POyf, CJYGGX, NtN, IJpvkD, Qoof, DEngA, ffG, zMhaEB, oynq, MiLvl, cvSXyN, jeiwww, uvwdH, wkweMX, IbrYPo, LaXr, MGolu, Daij, Hrsbp, eISx, Xsa, tTw, MoPpX, WsHS, AqIuP, rfB, IlnD, BRUcn, oWM, Emw, DhnqU, pshr, KeApU, Ebm, zAP, wBP, SSYSE, zgOLf, Bpdl, JZEdo, xPg, YyxqC, XvLK, iBe, tit, VNsob, lLRi, DYBEd, UOmHj, WCF, UMMR, XCVmMo, uSle, xDkTf, XhrU, faSViC, xAz, vBPkQr, QlJI, OUky, vuMLLA, Jgrq, lqYI, KtrjT, odl, kUroOH, jxc, GTLGE, oqlBKo, ZvxvX, bKyUyi, mGKCU, UbU, ExK, sVK, GJB, WOwTQh, zLT, PMV, wwUtQ, PqG, TLeQW,
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