how old was marco polo when he died

His account of his experiences is one of the most important travel documents ever written. Born into a Venetian merchant family, he joined his father and uncle on a journey to China, traveling along the Silk Road and reaching the court of Kublai Khan c. 1274. Christopher Columbus purportedly sailed to the New World with a copy of Marco Polos Travels in tow. Before reaching Shazhou, the Polos had traveled primarily among Muslim peoples, though they also encountered Nestorian Christians, Buddhists, Manichaeans, and Zoroastrians. [113], It may seem unlikely that a European could hold a position of power in the Mongolian empire. Latham, Ronald "Introduction" pp. After spending three years in Bukhara in present-day Uzbekistan, they were encouraged by a Mongolian embassy to visit Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, who controlled a huge swath of Asia. When he returned, Niccolo found that his wife had died and that he had a 15-year-old son named Marco. Is judge Edwin Scales a republican or democratic? What is procedural audit and advantages and disadvantages? In fact, the Italian title of his book was Il libro di Marco Polo detto il Milione, which means "The Book of Marco Polo, nicknamed 'Milione'". [121] Haw also objected to the approach to finding mention of Marco Polo in Chinese texts, contending that contemporaneous Europeans had little regard for using surnames, and a direct Chinese transcription of the name "Marco" ignores the possibility of him taking on a Chinese or even Mongol name that had no bearing or similarity with his Latin name.[120]. 69 years old. He has heard stories of his father and his adventures, and stated that he always waited and hoped that his father, the great merchant and adventurer, would come and "Offer me a place at his side". At one point, the Venetian was sent on official business to the port city of Hangzhou (then called Quinsai), which, like Venice, was built around a series of canals. Thinking he would reach Asia and having no idea about the Mongol Empires collapse, Columbus marked up the book with notes in preparation for a meeting with Kublai Khans descendent. 65. As part of this appointment, Marco travelled extensively inside China, living in the emperor's lands for 17 years. 2022 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [49][50], Pietro d'Abano philosopher, doctor and astrologer based in Padua, reports having spoken with Marco Polo about what he had observed in the vault of the sky during his travels. In 1254, Marco Polo was born in Venice, Italy to a very rich Venetian merchant family. "[112], Some scholars believe that Marco Polo exaggerated his importance in China. Family business [100], Supporters of Polo's basic accuracy countered on the points raised by sceptics such as footbinding and the Great Wall of China. Marco was of above-average height with a broad, muscular build. [53] The church was entitled by law to a portion of his estate; he approved of this and ordered that a further sum be paid to the convent of San Lorenzo, the place where he wished to be buried. Little is known about Marcos early years except that he probably grew up in Venice. His claim is confirmed by a Chinese text of the 14th century explaining how a Sogdian named Mar-Sargis from Samarkand founded six Nestorian Christian churches there in addition to one in Hangzhou during the second half of the 13th century. What does the message at the bottom of the flag mean? During the first stages of the journey, they stayed for a few months in Acre and were able to speak with Archdeacon Tedaldo Visconti of Piacenza. Unfortunately, the party was soon attacked by bandits, who used the cover of a sandstorm to ambush them. He never found the kingdom but ended his travels at the Great Wall of China in 1605, proving that Cathay was what Matteo Ricci (15521610) called "China".[134]. His birthday was At the time, there was open discussion of a possible Christian-Mongol alliance with an anti-Islamic function. "The World's most diligent observer." [80] It is believed that Polo related his memoirs orally to Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the Genova Republic. Michele Cavalieri da Bergamo, maestro nella sagra teologia dello stesso Ordine, Con un catalogo de'cardinali Domenicani, e con cinque indici copiosissimi ne: Giovanni Michele m. 1701 Cavalieri: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming", "Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues", "Mongols in World History | Asia for Educators", "Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan", "Stephen G. Haw: Marco Polo's China. [53] He also wrote off multiple debts including 300lire that his sister-in-law owed him, and others for the convent of San Giovanni, San Paolo of the Order of Preachers, and a cleric named Friar Benvenuto. They note that the Great Wall familiar to us today is a Ming structure built some two centuries after Marco Polo's travels; and that the Mongol rulers whom Polo served controlled territories both north and south of today's wall, and would have no reasons to maintain any fortifications that may have remained there from the earlier dynasties. A year later, they went to Ukek[68] and continued to Bukhara. By this point the Polos were on the main Silk Road, and they probably followed along the oases to the south and east of the Takla Makan DesertYarkant (Yarcan), Hotan (Cotan), Cheerchen (Ciarcian), and Lop Nur (Lop Lake). Everything we know about him comes from his own text and a few Venetian documents; Asian sources never mentioned him. Marco Polo's mother died when he was really young, and he was raised by his uncle and aunt. Columbus never made it to China. [139] According to the newsletter of the National Macaroni Manufacturers Association[139] and food writer Jeffrey Steingarten,[140] the durum wheat was introduced by Arabs from Libya, during their rule over Sicily in the late 9th century, thus predating Marco Polo's travels by about four centuries. Venetian merchant and adventurer Marco Polo traveled from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295. Travels. Marco's father and uncle, Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, were successful Venetian . [26], In 1323, Polo was confined to bed, due to illness. The Byzantine re-conquest of Constantinople in 1261, along with upheavals in the Mongol Empire, may have blocked their way home. [124] Archaeologists have also pointed out that Polo may have mixed up the details from the two attempted invasions of Japan by Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marco-Polo, LiveScience - Marco Polo: Facts, Biography & Travels, Marco Polo - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Marco Polo - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [105], In addition to Haw, a number of other scholars have argued in favour of the established view that Polo was in China in response to Wood's book. Their return to Italy in order to "go to Venice and visit their household" is described in The Travels of Marco Polo as follows: "they departed from Acre and went to Negropont, and from Negropont they continued their voyage to Venice. He lived from 1254 to 1324. It has been supposed that these displacements are due to the intention to avoid further conflicts between the two. Born in Venice, Marco learned the mercantile trade from his father and his uncle, Niccol and Maffeo, who travelled through Asia and met Kublai Khan. Damaged Ceilings and Attics The first place water goes when your roof leaks is straight into the ceiling, and then into your attic, should your home have one. In the document, dated 1323, a year before he died, Marco Polo is listed as the only layperson among the witnesses of the order's acceptance of money left to it by a Venetian nobleman, Giovanni . The Dominican father Francesco Pipino was the author of a translation into Latin, Iter Marci Pauli Veneti in 1302, just a few years after Marco's return to Venice. [61] The idea probably was to create a handbook for merchants, essentially a text on weights, measures and distances. According to de Rachewiltz, the concordance of Polo's detailed account of the princess with other independent sources that gave only incomplete information is proof of the veracity of Polo's story and his presence in China. [117][118][116] In fact, it is a well-documented fact that Kublai Khan trusted foreigners more than Chinese subjects in internal affairs. [28] He received a good education, learning mercantile subjects including foreign currency, appraising, and the handling of cargo ships;[28] he learned little or no Latin. Marco was born in 1254, in Venice, Italy. ISBN 0 415 34850 1", "Pierre Racine, " Marco Polo, marchand ou reporter? Leaving Badakhshn, the Polos proceeded toward the Pamirs, but the route they followed to cross these Central Asian highlands remains uncertain. [72] The long sede vacante between the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268 and the election of his successor delayed the Polos in fulfilling Kublai's request. 300. Who was in charge of China, when Marco went? His father and uncle were merchants who traveled a lot, and his mother died when he was six years old. The party sailed to the port of Singapore,[76] travelled north to Sumatra,[77] and around the southern tip of India,[78] eventually crossing the Arabian Sea to Hormuz. They became worried about returning home safely, believing that if Kublai died, his enemies might turn against them because of their close involvement with the ruler. Dias ships rounded the perilous Cape of Good Hope and then sailed around Africas southernmost read more, The story of North American exploration spans an entire millennium and involves a wide array of European powers and uniquely American characters. Larner John, Marco Polo and the discovery of the world, Yale University Press, 1999. During the trip, however, they received news that after 33 months of vacation, finally, the Conclave had elected the new Pope and that he was exactly the archdeacon of Acre. Marco Polo, (born c. 1254, Venice [Italy]died January 8, 1324, Venice), Venetian merchant and adventurer who traveled from Europe to Asia in 127195, remaining in China for 17 of those years, and whose Il milione (The Million), known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo, is a classic of travel literature. [64], One of the early manuscripts Iter Marci Pauli Veneti was a translation into Latin made by the Dominican brother Francesco Pipino[it] in 1302, just a few years after Marco's return to Venice. When political events prevented their return to Venice, they traveled eastward to Bukhara (Bokhara) and ended their journey in 1265, probably at the grand khans summer residence, Shangdu (immortalized as Xanadu by English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge). They followed the suggestion of Theobald Visconti, then papal legate for the realm of Egypt, and returned to Venice in 1269 or 1270 to await the nomination of the new Pope, which allowed Marco to see his father for the first time, at the age of fifteen or sixteen. In Acre (now in Israel) the papal legate, Teobaldo of Piacenza, gave them letters for the Mongol emperor. According to the 15th-century humanist Giovanni Battista Ramusio, his fellow citizens awarded him this nickname when he came back to Venice because he kept on saying that Kublai Khan's wealth was counted in millions. [95] Other accounts have also been verified; for example, when visiting Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, China, Marco Polo noted that a large number of Christian churches had been built there. [131] His accounts of salt production and revenues from the salt monopoly are also accurate, and accord with Chinese documents of the Yuan era. [18], Since Dominican fathers had among their missions that of evangelizing foreign peoples (cf. [99] In this respect, Igor de Rachewiltz recalls that the claim that the three Polo were present at the siege of Xiang-yang is not present in all manuscripts, but Niccol and Matteo could have made this suggestion. Nonetheless, most scholars are convinced by the detailed nature of Marco Polos account, which, they say, overwhelmingly checks out against available archaeological, historical and geographical records. But, the book remained Europe's . His birth was in Venice on September 15, 1254 , in the bosom of a merchant family. The two-year voyage was a perilous oneof the six hundred people (not including the crew) in the convoy only eighteen had survived (including all three Polos). Marco Polo died on January 8, 1324. When he was only 6 years old, Marco's mother died. The accusation was that Boluo had walked on the same side of the road as a female courtesan, in contravention of the order for men and women to walk on opposite sides of the road inside the city. [71] After the brothers answered the questions he tasked them with delivering a letter to the Pope, requesting 100 Christians acquainted with the Seven Arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy). The travelers probably stopped in Suzhou (Sukchu; now Jiuquan) and Ganzhou (Campiciu; now Zhangye) before entering the Ningxia area. Marco Polo was born in 1254 in Venice, the capital of the Venetian Republic. Traveling east as far as Mongol emperor Kublai Khans summer residence, Shangdu, they established friendly relations with him before returning to Europe as his ambassadors. Marco Polo (/mrko polo/ (listen), Venetian:[mako polo], Italian:[marko plo] (listen); c. 1254 8 January 1324)[1] was a Venetian merchant,[2][3] explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. 720 from, [Rinaldo Fulin, Archivio Veneto, 1924, p. 255], "1274: Promulgation of a Crusade, in liaison with the Mongols", Jean Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p.502/French, p. 487/English. Marco may also have governed the city of Yangzhou (128287). [62], The oldest surviving manuscript is in Old French heavily flavoured with Italian;[63] According to the Italian scholar Luigi Foscolo Benedetto, this "F" text is the basic original text, which he corrected by comparing it with the somewhat more detailed Italian of Giovanni Battista Ramusio, together with a Latin manuscript in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana. [26], In 1269, Niccol and Maffeo returned to their families in Venice, meeting young Marco for the first time. [23][24] His grandfather, Andrea Polo of the parish of San Felice, had three sons, Maffeo, yet another Marco, and the traveller's father Niccol. From Acre the travelers proceeded to Ayas (Laiazzo in Marcos writings, now Yumurtalik, on the Gulf of skenderun, also called the Gulf of Alexandretta, in southeastern Turkey). After sailing down the western coast of Africa and rounding the Cape of Good Hope, his expedition made numerous stops in Africa read more, In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521) set out from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. [27] According to The Travels of Marco Polo, they passed through much of Asia, and met with Kublai Khan, a Mongol ruler and founder of the Yuan dynasty. Marco Polo, (born c. 1254, Venice [Italy]died January 8, 1324, Venice), Venetian merchant and adventurer who traveled from Europe to Asia in 1271-95, remaining in China for 17 of those years, and whose Il milione ("The Million"), known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo, is a classic of travel literature. Corrections? Where did Marco Polo write his book. [7], Kublai initially refused several times to let the Polos return to Europe, as he appreciated their company and they became useful to him. What are the two star signs which make up the Tropical Circles around Earth? [13][14] Some old Venetian historical sources considered Polo's ancestors to be of far Dalmatian origin.[15][16][17]. After many years of seeking a release from service, the Polos finally secured permission from Kublai to escort a young princess to her intended husband Arghun, the Mongol ruler of Persia. Another controversial claim is at chapter 145 when the Book of Marvels states that the three Polos provided the Mongols with technical advice on building mangonels during the Siege of Xiangyang, Adonc distrent les .II. The book soon spread throughout Europe in manuscript form, and became known as The Travels of Marco Polo (Italian title: Il Milione, lit. "[129], In 2012, the University of Tbingen Sinologist and historian Hans Ulrich Vogel released a detailed analysis of Polo's description of currencies, salt production and revenues, and argued that the evidence supports his presence in China because he included details which he could not have otherwise known. How old was Marco Polo when he came back from his journey? 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