(c) skipping e.g. The study of how words are organised into phrases, clauses and sentences is usually referred to as syntax. and and, everything else is a main/coordinate clause): Sometimes the clauses are placed in a hierarchy: the more important ones are main clauses, while the less important are subordinate clauses. Equals is inert, stative, and cannot take the progressive; there is no choice, no volition in the matter. (c) was injured (a) expected/was expecting Flying is great sport. A subordinate clause can do the job of other clause elements. The following points are substantial so far as the difference between has and have is concerned: Have is an irregular verb, which can be used either as a main verb, i.e. Among these are: Here a statement is turned into a question, with an interrogative A smart computer (e) .. (replace) them quietly. (one cat; two cats); Addition of 's to show possession B: Well, I (do) shopping. I (a) .. (expect) him here yesterday. (be) not convenient, do not hesitate to say so. called lexical whereas the closed-class words are Two plus two equals four. (vii) Dhanraj Pillay has played hockey for India. Examples are: His tail between his legs, the dog walked out the door. Other auxiliary verbs are the incomplete or modal verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, and would. [NCT 2011]. Examples are dis- in dis-miss, dis-pute or dis-grace, -ing in dream-ing, -ness in happi-ness or sad-ness and even -s used to form plurals, as in boy-s or horse-s. Some other kinds of nominal clauses are shown below. These are readily illustrated by examples (note alternative names). , (iii) Women (cook) food I (reach) there This tense, Present Indefinite and Present Continuous. B. main clause = Come round (X); verb = Come. David Crystal (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, p. 218) notes some other categories. (v) Nurses look after patients in hospitals .. Adjectives may be positive (tall), comparative (taller) or superlative (tallest). It may contain other elements, either before or after the head. First look at these dialogues or sentences carefully and decide what kind of meaning is being expressed. (d) found. who and which are often so used. Other compound or complex words are made by adding together elements without reference to the internal grammar of a sentence. connect equal grammatical elements, subordinate conjunctions B. two kinds of word class. Consider the difference between a so-called dynamic adjective (or subject complement) and a stative adjective (or subject complement): I am silly OR I am being silly versus I am tall. I have chosen to be silly; I have no choice about being tall. .. Answer: Read the following sentences and decide whether the activity referred to is long lasting or has a relatively shorter duration. (b) Do You and at a discount by joining a book club. To understand the contrast in these approaches, see the table at the start of this guide to structure. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. (viii) India plays/is going to play/will play France in the Davis Cup next month. (query) Will you be meeting him in the afternoon? type, with coordinating conjunctions. We cant go for a walk now. They may occur in various positions in the clause. Modern language scientists have devised other categories of word in relation to syntax, which you should know. (b) fed (i) Rita (get) into debt. You should try to explain the subject with both synthetic and analytic models. even pronouns. : . A comparison of the use of continuous tense will help us to understand clearly the time reference. I cant carry it upstairs. (b) reached Some pronouns - this, that, these, those - refer to particular people or things: This is mine, and that is yours. A transitive verb is one Balanced sentence | , (iii) Not (rain) lightning (strike) While we (c) .. (be) on way to the place, we (d) .. (decide) not to dance at all. The elements of which the word is made may have a grammatical relationship within the word (you may find this idea difficult), but their formation is independent of the syntax of the clause or sentence in which they occur. Those that function as adverbs/adjectives are adverbial/adjectival clauses. Other morphemes, such as prefixes and suffixes Two minor types of adjectival clause are -ing and -ed This is known as a simple sentence: A compound sentence joins two coordinate clauses "The holding will call into question many other regulations that protect consumers with respect to credit cards, bank accounts, mortgage loans, debt collection, credit reports, and identity theft," tweeted Chris Peterson, a former enforcement attorney at the CFPB who is now a law Following a bumpy launch week that saw frequent server trouble and bloated player queues, Blizzard has announced that over 25 million Overwatch 2 players have logged on in its first 10 days. The subject denotes the person (Caesar) affected by the action of the verb. This is the verb that is often used to look up the dictionary. The first three tenses, present, past, and future, present few problems. Examples are our own. Some common transitive verbs are: tell, give, show, eat, buy, take, and see. Also called proper nouns, they are capitalized to set them off from general nouns. Conditional sentences pdf 2.. 1 st Conditional sentences PDF. Answer: A and B are the two speakers. The To be will change form to indicate whether the subject is singular or plural: Notice how the information about who did the action is frequently found in a prepositional phrase beginning with by. Passive constructions do not always include this information: The To be will also change to indicate the time of the action and the aspect of the verb (simple, progressive, perfect). (appear) on the scene and (e) .. (announce) that the show (f) (cancel) for reasons beyond control. A. (iii) Will you be joining us there? These form the bulk of a Some of these categories - such as nouns and pronouns - make sense when we consider words in isolation. As soon as I saw the elephant, I (b) .. (know) with perfect certainty that I ought not (c) .. (shoot) him. Pronouns used as subject are in the subject case (, The subject controls singular-plural verb agreement (, A subject is usually present in a clause, but it may be He would sure that He has done about a hundred coronary artery bypass graftings. Use phrases to answer how long and how much, according to the situation and your choice. (vi) Ganguly has played cricket for India. David Crystal (Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language; p. 90) lists four normal processes of word-formation, of which three are examples of derivation: Affix placed before base of word, e.g. Shell be late if the train is delayed. A house can be any house, but the house is a quite definite building. (c) was (ii) T Present Continuous Present participle phrase explanation and examples Usages of a present participle phrase. were here. I hurt my knee last week. Very helpful are translation engines Parts of speech are labels for interjections. , (x) P. Gopichand badminton There are many different ways meaning can be created and shared. Key Differences Between Has and Have. Crystal's The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Conjunctions are joining words: they connect words, phrases, or entire clauses. . Across English dialects, the rules of the verb to be may be different from those of standard English. before learning to (1) jump and (2) shoot. For example, the verb infect suggests a new verb disinfect (=to undo the action of infecting). B: Yes, this car is constantly breaking down. Research Studies in Education. Here, will is used to talk about a future activity which the speaker decides to do at the time of speaking. Exclamatory questions | I did not know that you If it rains, we will stay indoors. It aims to provide the phraseological 'nuts and bolts' of academic writing organised according to the main sections of a research paper or dissertation. He wasn't widely accepted in this country at first. A word that follows a preposition is its object, and, in the case of pronouns especially, this affects the form of the word. (b) When my uncle arrives tomorrow, I will be writing my examination. There are also group nouns, called noun phrases. Traditional lists of adverbs contain words like very which qualify other adverbs or adjectives. (iv) We are waiting for the doctor. But in a given Form: past form of the verb The Prime Minister leaves on a seven-day tour of West Asia next Sunday. English is not derived from Latin (whatever Prince Charles thinks) but has a Germanic origin, although much of our lexicon comes from French and the classical languages of Greek and Latin. When we wish to indicate a definite time in the past, we use simple past tense, e.g. B: I (go) and switch it off. In this kind of analysis a series of noun phrases is a This is often true of consequently, however, (i) Their house is being renovated. . (question) .. (iii) Join us there. Phrases are especially important for analysing spoken data, and some kinds of written text (such as advertisements or information leaflets) where (written) sentence forms are not considered essential. The present participle phrase is telling us in what state the subject (he) was when he started crying: he was feeding the little girl with his own hand. I have come yesterday. Reema reads. Usually adverbials of time are used with this tense, e.g. He was speaking when someone interrupted him. use, too many to list here. (c) was Adjectives and adverbs are descriptive words, sometimes called modifiers because they restrict meaning. Look at the two uses of the future continuous tense in the sentences given below: The second use of the future continuous tense is to indicate an event or action which will occur in the course of time because it is the part of a plan or a schedule. You (b) .. certainly (say) no. The problem here is that in some cases a clause may appear identical with a sentence or phrase, but the term we use tells us about a different structural feature. : Railway. The To be verb can be combined with other modal forms (along with the past participle of the main verb) to convey other kinds of information. How many bridges have they built? Some of these adverbs are: therefore, accordingly, besides, furthermore, instead, meanwhile, and nevertheless.In the sentence He was tired; therefore he stayed home, the word therefore modifies the clause of which it is a part and connects that clause to the previous part of the sentence. (This appears to be changing, as speakers and writers treat words like nevertheless as conjunctions.). 23-39, Logical Thinking Education to Combat Plagiarism, Benny Bechor for "Navigation." Performing this action will revert the following features to their default settings: Hooray! A longer stretch of language is known as discourse, the study of its structure as discourse analysis. Help! Some personal pronouns are formed by the addition of -self or -selves as a suffix: myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, and themselves. Adrian Wallwork (auth.) (iv) Mr Desai (teach) English. And no one description of word classes is regarded as finally authoritative. It can only be Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. , (xi) Ramesh Krishnan tennis = X is stupid, verb = is. Question 21. sources of information. Form: have + been + continuous form of verb We may either analyse long structures (and find the smaller elements in them) or think of how smaller elements are combined to form longer structures. The present perfect tense is used to show an act or event just finished, the effect of which continues in the present. The conditional preservation of the saints, or conditional perseverance of the saints, or commonly conditional security, is the Arminian Christian belief that believers are kept safe by God in their saving relationship with him upon the condition of a persevering faith in Christ. The verb usually has a subject. disobey, Affix placed after base of word, e.g. opposite idea to the first half. (iii) Ganguly plays cricket for our country. Every statement is a combination of words, and every statement says something to communicate information. (iv) P Present Indefinite For example, toilet is usually classified as a noun. And Queen Juliana is or was the queen of the Netherlands, but Queen Elizabeth II is, to many of her subjects, simply the Queen, or even The Queen. The following points are substantial so far as the difference between has and have is concerned: Have is an irregular verb, which can be used either as a main verb, i.e. Yes, She is always losing her keys. (iii) Men had cleaned the rooms when I reached there. In fact many of the nouns that we consider proper are still names for more than one individual, as with the name of a model of car (like Ford Escort or VW Beetle, which might have been produced in the millions). Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. subordinate clause. 4. I will be working late tonight. Answer: What follows a preposition is normally a noun, pronoun, or noun clause. As a single word, it may come before the noun - the blue sky - or after the verb - the sky is blue. being introduced. or person ([she] wants). (most browsers or search engines have these) which will alter a given Answer: The past perfect tense is formed by using the past tense of has / have, which is had + the past participle of the verb. If it has any value it is in the philosophical field of epistemology (theory of knowledge). The following circumlocutory uses of "be" verbs are common in stuffy writing. They have built about twenty bridges. Write similar dialogues using the given phrases and the verb in brackets. Tag questions | (iii) Engineers build roads and dams (ii) At this moment we are travelling to Goa. The stick insect can become a twig that grown from a branch. Synonyms for understanding include comprehension, grasp, apprehension, awareness, apperception, appreciation, discernment, grip, insight and realisation. A: . The progressive present as in are going is used to talk about a future activity which has already been decided upon and arrangements for which have been made. Abstract: fear, joy Every day he (b) (feed) the hungry and (c) (clothe) the poor before he (d) (take) his food. A: .. Adverb phrases | . Adverbials of duration make a difference in meaning when used with present perfect tense and simple past. They must be identified by the function they perform in a sentence. B. Actually, however, adverbs can modify anything but nouns or verb forms used as nouns. Pay particular attention to the parts in bold. I am going to lodge a complaint when I reach office. (e) did/had been doing Simple present tense (3rd person singular): This particular form of verb is formed by adding s or es at the end of the base form when we have 3rd person singular as a subject.. (d) has scored. Where two simple words are joined together to form a new complete word, this is called a compound word. in class XI. A. action verb itself or as an auxiliary verb to form present perfect sentences using a past participle form of the verb. They may be. categories in which words are usually placed. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. structural or functional. I have no money on me now. All of these kinds of words together are called parts of speech. He studies four hours every day. There are several words that are used to replace nouns. (iii) I (e) (have) my lunch when the postman (f) .. (knock). Question 18. (d) has happened Heinle & Heinle: Boston. You may have met the term clause in other contexts - it is used to identify short passages within longer ones (such as paragraphs) in such texts as legal or parliamentary documents. Nouns can also be objects of prepositions - words like to, in, for, and by - so the above sentence could read: He gave a bone to the dog. Question 30. The third sentence, also means that C.K. I came yesterday. (vi) A team of experts is going to visit the area in the near future to study the problem. (not come) till today. therefore, and nevertheless. Some pronouns are called personal pronouns because they take the place of specific names of persons, places, or thing, as in: Has Fred arrived? Demonstrative pronouns | They have been studying for five hours. If the noun is plural or already has an s, then often only an apostrophe need be added: the mothers' union (that is, a union of many mothers). There's evidence, for instance, that children. (xiii) I will go and open the window. Object | Question 7. A dictionary will only record established or standard usage. , (iv) Passengers (get) off train (stop) A main or coordinate clause could stand on its own as a sentence, but a subordinate clause works only within a sentence. Question 3. don't usually begin speaking in two-word sentences In many respects, sentences can be analysed in the same terms as clauses, that is separating the elements into the categories of subject, object, verb, complement and adverbial. There were several typographical errors in this anthology. Addition of -er comparative (hotter; Question 31. which make connections (connectives or connectors), They tell what is happening - what a noun is doing or what is being done to it, or the state of being, becoming, thinking or feeling. Yesterday a blue line bus (a) (run) over a schoolboy who (b) (cross) the road. We present two cases of plagiarism, from which we can see that plagiarism shows a gap between the written texts and the thoughts of the author. Its body hangs like a twig growing towards the ground. (v) P Present Indefinite she herself, we all, nearly everyone, and such relative clause types as those who knew Fred. Indefinite pronouns | Now I (g) .. (be) in a tricky situation which (h) .. (try) limits of my patience. These people have been working in a factory for six months. B: Yes, it is going to rain. They are the action words in a statement. Professor Crystal (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, p. 449) describes it as "a structural unit smaller than a sentence but larger than phrases or words". The man bit the dog. The collar is possessed, or owned, by the dog. Present participle (Continuous tense ): It is formed by adding -ing Question 12. You will see how very many simple words are free morphemes, but can combine with other morphemes, both free and bound (see below) to form complex words. Without them it is impossible to put sentences together. We are going to Goa next week. (iii) Ganguly (play cricket) country We have been waiting for the doctor for two hours. (f) found (iv) The meeting had come to an end when the rain started. expresses universal unchanging truths, e.g. (iv) Passengers got off when the train stopped. (i) The earthquake hit when the people were celebrating Republic Day. We did not read Hamlet till we were This is especially true of To be verbs tucked into dependent clauses (particularly dependent clauses using a passive construction) and expletive constructions (There is, There were, it is, etc.). Other classes of word are constantly being added to. The two approaches are shown in simple form below: The simplest sentences may contain a single clause. The noun jelly is the direct object of the verb. These are known as free morphemes. (f) had been cancelled. As indicated in the table, there are both subject and object personal pronouns as well as those that show possession. Jo-Ching Chen for her critique of "ESL Spelling Errors. Consider this from Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Or this from Viscount Grey of Fallodon, on the eve of the First The traditional parts of speech were of eight kinds, excluding the A phrase which works like, or equates to, a noun is a noun phrase, one which qualifies a verb is an adverb phrase and so on. These are quite simple syntactically, although the verb in them may contain important grammatical information, such as tense, number, active or passive voice and so on. We wouldn't write The troops was moving to the border. But some sentences require closer attention. He has been collecting stamps for over five years now. Answer: Participles: The verb form used with auxiliaries is the participle. , (ii) The car (break down) yesterday but the mechanic (repair) it. In His house is the white and green one, his is a personal possessive pronoun. They are found in particular kinds of text and discourse - some are common in real speech or fictional dialogue, while others are found in such things as headlines or slogans, where a message is presented as a block of text. A verb with a subject, which will be in a particular tense is a finite verb. Moreover, modern science confuses the issue, since it shows that many things we once supposed to belong to mind, are in fact, embodied in matter. It's important to observe all the different aspects of communication, such as language, images, and design, and consider how they can work together in context to create meaning. In this case of sentences. single clause element. Considering that we use it so often, it is really too bad that the verb To be has to be the most irregular, slippery verb in the language. consider any or all of the following: what they mean (b) was brought , (vii) Dhanraj Pillay hockey The past perfect tense is used to describe an event that started in the past but affects and continues into the present. They indicate a point of time. B: .. you say is stupid. (ii) A. They can behave as adjectives (one loaf or two?) This, these or those are sometimes classified as demonstrative (or distinctive) adjectives or pronouns. (d) walking. (semantics), their form (morphology), provenance (iv) The servant clean the rooms B. He has a large family. they work within phrases, clauses or sentences. The words which met last night form a relative clause that describes the subject of the main clause, the committee. in some cases more than one tense form may be used. They may be particular persons, places, or things: Michael Jackson, Reykjavik, World Trade Center. (v) The state (organise) a campaign next month for the eradication of leprosy. I wish I had accepted the proposal. A football and a football stadium are two entirely different things, though they both have to do with the same game. is used in vivid, dramatic narratives, e.g. (object) case (, As above, reflexive pronoun objects agree with their Sometimes a noun is the indirect object of a verb: He gave the dog a bone. But in a given sentence, if the speaker or writer has used it as if it were in a different class, then this is where it should be placed. Thus the action has been completed in the past, but has relevance in the present too. non-standard words and show variant spellings. In a wrecked car, the word wrecked is a past participle used as an adjective. Some nouns are one-of-a-kind names: Suez Canal, Elvis Presley, In the second, dog is acted upon. Now write sentences about Sachin Tendulkar using the correct tenses. , Present Perfect and Simple/Indefinite Past. In the English language, the English passive voice is formed with an auxiliary verb (usually be or get) plus a participle (usually the past participle) of a transitive verb. Martha Kolln* suggests that we think of the difference between stative and dynamic in terms of willed and nonwilled qualities. Has she lost her keys? Some words, such as numbers, do not fit in any of the word classes given above. in persuasion, and are sometimes known as parallelism or antithesis. If it rains, I wont go to the park. Uses: This tense indicates the event that took place earlier in the past where two events occurring in the past are stated. Answer: The water is boiling, (at this moment) Note that therefore is not to be used as a conjunction, hence the semi-colon. 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