field marshal montgomery

[118], On 7 July, Montgomery began Operation Charnwood with a carpet bombing offensive that turned much of the French countryside and the city of Caen into a wasteland. If you liked this article and would like to receive notification of new articles, please feel welcome to subscribe to History and Headlines by liking us on Facebook and becoming one of our patrons! [27], In 1938, he organised an amphibious combined operations landing exercise that impressed the new C-in-C of Southern Command, General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell. [65], Montgomery was ordered to make ready his 3rd Division to invade the neutral Portuguese Azores. [27] Betty Carver had two sons in their early teens, John and Dick, from her first marriage to Oswald Carver. [21] In 1901, Bishop Montgomery became secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the family returned to London. "[122] The French Resistance had launched Plan Violet in June 1944 to systematically destroy the telephone system of France, which forced the Germans to use their radios more and more to communicate, and as the code-breakers of Bletchley Park had broken many of the German codes, Montgomery hadvia Ultra intelligencea good idea of the German situation. His integration of operations and command between the Army and Royal Air Force led him to become success leader. February 5, 1909: First Plastic Invented was called Bakelite! It is considered as a five-star rank (OF-10) in modern-day armed forces in many countries. Montgomery Wards Field Marshal Electric Fencer - Turquoise Blue Metal Outdoor Fencer - Mid Century - Vintage Electronic EdgySoundingShopName (63) $32.00 Vintage West German Steinbach Nice Fellows of Kings Court # 8 Marschall Miniature Mini Small Nutcracker Field Marshal SunshineByZoey (32) $36.00 Even if it was not improper, it was odd for the time to say the least. [104] Letters written by Eisenhower at the time of the battle make it clear that Eisenhower was expecting from Montgomery "the early capture of the important focal point of Caen". Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery (1887-1976) was one of Britain's greatest -ever military commanders, but it is also beyond dispute that he was one of the most difficult people to work witha view that was certainly held by his American counterparts during World War II, namely George Patton and Dwight D Eisenhower. He is also the namesake of the Montgomery cocktail, a martini mixed at a ratio of 15 to 1 (gin to vermouth) as he was said to refuse to attack unless he had a 15 to 1 advantage. [222] Prime Minister Winston Churchill, by all accounts a faithful friend, is quoted as saying of Montgomery, "In defeat, unbeatable; in victory, unbearable. Instead, he preferred to reconnoiter the enemy and identify his weaknesses before attacking where he was most vulnerable. [52] His wife died that year. He was promoted to major-general on 14 October 1938[53] and took command of the 8th Infantry Division[54] in the British mandate of Palestine. [58] These exercises usually occurred at night with only very minimal lighting being allowed. "[223], Montgomery suffered from "an overbearing conceit and an uncontrollable urge for self-promotion." A honorable man, agree with Churchills words. In his own inimitable way, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery relates his life as a soldier in service to his country -- both in peace and during the First and Second World Wars --- which lasted 50 years (1908--58). The Americans turned the situation to their advantage and forced the Germans back. Liddell Hart and the Weight of History; by John Mearsheimer; pages 8-9, 203-204; Cornell University Press; 2010; A Very Special Relationship: Basil Liddell Hart, Wehrmacht Generals and the Debate on West German Rearmament, 1945-1953, by Alaric Searle; War In History 1998 5: 327; published by SAGE for the University of Salford, Manchester; "Liddell Hart and the Mearsheimer Critique: A 'Pupil's' Retrospective" (PDF); Strategic Studies Institute. He fought in France during World War I and was mentioned in dispatches for . Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, DL (/ m n t m r i . LONDON, Wednesday, March 24 Field Marshal Viscount Montgomery, the most famous British soldier of modern times, died early today, the Ministry of Defense announced. Whenever something went wrong, he pointed fingers and blamed other people, not taking responsibility like a real leader of men. Afterwards, Eisenhower himself accepted some of the blame for the failure at Arnhem. [82], The conquest of Libya was essential for airfields to support Malta and to threaten the rear of Axis forces opposing Operation Torch. [17] Maud Montgomery took little active interest in the education of her young children other than to have them taught by tutors brought from Britain, although he briefly attended the then coeducational St Michael's Collegiate School. On the way to his headquarters, the Field Marshal Montgomery made a short, unexpected stopover in Brussels. History Short: What Pope was so Corrupt that the HRE sought to Depose Him? Alone among the senior commanders, only Ramsay saw opening Antwerp as crucial. l m e n /; 17 November 1887 - 24 March 1976), nicknamed "Monty", was a senior British Army officer who served in the First World War, the Irish War of Independence and the Second World War. Articles are mostly written by either Dr. Zar or his dad (Major Dan). Born in Kennington, South London in 1887, Bernard Law Montgomery would ultimately join the Royal Military College, Sandhurst but during his young days, he was characterized by unruliness and violence, for which he was almost expelled. Montgomery bitterly resented this change, although it had been agreed before the D-Day invasion. Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery, in full Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, of Hindhead byname Monty, (born Nov. 17, 1887, London, Eng.died March 24, 1976, near Alton, Hampshire), British field marshal and one of the outstanding Allied commanders in World War II. 378, 395, United States Army in World War II; Part 3, Volume 4, United States. He eventually reached British lines on 5 December 1943, to the delight of his stepfather, who sent him home to Britain to recuperate. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC (17 November 1887 - 24 March 1976), nicknamed 'Monty' and the 'Spartan General', was a senior officer of the British Army and the victor at El-Alamein. For three weeks he had rammed his troops against those panzer divisions he had deliberately drawn towards that city as part of our Allied strategy of diversion in the Normandy Campaign. Dept. Montgomery's Garter banner on display in St Mary's, Warwick. Especially so when 'national' spectacles pervert the perspective of the strategic landscape. Correlli Barnett commented that Montgomery's solution "was in every way opposite to Auchinleck's and in every way wrong, for it carried the existing dangerous separatism still further. However, Montgomery was later to claim far more credit for this victory than he was entitled to do, British forces having only played a minor part in the Ardennes campaign. [10] The Montgomerys, an Ulster-Scots 'Ascendancy' gentry family, were the County Donegal branch of the Clan Montgomery. He claimed in 1945 that he alone was responsible for the Allied victory when General Patton and the change in weather had a lot more to do with it. [34], In one noteworthy incident on 2 May 1922, Montgomery led a force of 60 soldiers and 4 armoured cars to the town of Macroom to search for four British officers who were missing in the area. Montgomery kept up the verbal attacks into old age, severely criticizing the U.S. military effort in Vietnam. His ability to get inside the head of his opponent was one of Montgomerys greatest strengths. Brooke, Montgomery's corps commander, was pessimistic about the plan but Montgomery, in contrast, was not concerned, believing that he and his division would perform well regardless of the circumstances, particularly in a war of movement. --Montgomery of Alamein, Field-Marshal. To any guest readers, please keep that in mind when commenting on articles. [162] The Germans had mined the river Scheldt, the mouth of the Scheldt was still in German hands making it impossible for the Royal Navy to clear the mines in the river, and therefore the port of Antwerp was still useless to the Allies. No doubt he reckoned that for either man to have been able to claim that particular credit would have made them even more insufferable than they already were. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1 st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, also known as 'Monty' and 'The Spartan General', was a resolute man. Encuentra fotos de stock de Viscount Bernard Montgomery e imgenes editoriales de noticias en Getty Images. [12] He was probably a descendant of Colonel Alexander Montgomery (16861729). Later, when this plan had clearly failed, Eisenhower wrote that Montgomery had "evolved" the plan to have the US forces achieve the break-out instead. [107] At Villers Bocage on 14 June, the British lost twenty Cromwell tanks to five Tiger tanks led by SS Obersturmfhrer Michael Wittmann, in about five minutes. The risky plan required three Airborne Divisions to capture numerous intact bridges along a single-lane road, on which an entire Corps had to attack and use as its main supply route. [178] Reflecting Antwerp's importance, the Germans spent the winter of 194445 firing V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets at it in an attempt to shut down the port, and the German offensive in December 1944 in the Ardennes had as its ultimate objective the capture of Antwerp. [160] Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, the German commander of the Western Front, ordered General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen, the commander of 15th Army, that: "The attempt of the enemy to occupy the West Scheldt in order to obtain the free use of the harbor of Antwerp must be resisted to the utmost" (emphasis in the original). The so-called Falaise Gap was closed on 22 August 1944, but several American generals, most notably Patton, accused Montgomery of being insufficiently aggressive in closing it. I think the rebels would probably [have] refused battles, and hidden their arms etc. The context of British casualties and the shortage of reinforcements, prompted Montgomery to "excessive caution". [91] He kept the initiative, applying superior strength when it suited him, forcing Rommel out of each successive defensive position. Montgomery now wished to claim the ultimate accolade of capturing Berlin itself, as did Patton, but Eisenhower decided that it would be politically expedient for that honour to fall to the Soviet forces that were advancing from the East. [232], Montgomery's mother, Maude Montgomery, died at New Park in Moville in Inishowen in 1949. The operation was a strategic Allied success in drawing in the last German reserves in Normandy towards the Caen sector away from the American sector, greatly assisting the American breakout in Operation Cobra. [42] While serving as a GSO2[43] with Eighth Army, Dick Carver was sent forward during the pursuit after El Alamein to help identify a new site for Eighth Army HQ. This "crass and unpleasant blunder" helped make it impossible for Churchill and Field Marshal Alan Brooke to persuade Eisenhower of the need for an immediate thrust - to be led by Montgomery - through Germany to Berlin. He almost got fired by Eisenhower who was at wits end trying to get the notoriously cautious Montgomery to get up and move out of the beachhead. Share. This was converted into pounds sterling, and he is supposed to have grinned and said "Well, I guess I won't die in the poor house after all. They are proud of this honour. His father, who became an Anglican bishop, established a record at Cambridge University of jumping up the 10 foot long and 4 foot high steps of Trinity College. Omar Bradley's US 12th Army Group was to Montgomery's south, with William Simpson's U.S. Ninth Army adjacent to 21st Army Group, Courtney Hodges' U.S. First Army, holding the Ardennes and George S. Patton's U.S. Third Army further south. until we had gone. "[154] About Montgomery's conduct of the Normandy campaign, Badsey wrote: Too much discussion on Normandy has centered on the controversial decisions of the Allied commanders. When he visited the Australians they gave him a bush hat complete with their regimental badge. facebook.com/jack.beckett.73 instagram.com/history_bloke_on_a_bike/ linkedin.com/in/jack-beckett-56a76520/. [110] General Friedrich Dollmann of Seventh Army had to commit the newly arrived II SS Corps to stop the British offensive. As it happened, the Germans made things much easier for the Allies by attempting a counter-attack through the Ardennes Forest not far from where the bulk of the American forces under Patton were stationed. He had no doubt who was to blame for this incident. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began, "We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle makes amends for much delay. [138] Keegan wrote that Montgomery engaged in what he called a "hedging of his bets" when drafting his plans for Goodwood, with a plan for a "break out if the front collapsed, if not, sound documentary evidence that all he had intended in the first place was a battle of attrition". If we are attacked, then there will be no retreat. [153] The successful conclusion of the Normandy campaign saw the beginning of the debate between the "American school" and "British school" as both American and British generals started to advance claims about who was most responsible for this victory. But at a tennis party in Cologne, he was able to persuade the Commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of the British Army of Occupation, Field Marshal Sir William Robertson, to add his name to the list. The American magazine LIFE quoted Bradley in 1951: While Collins was hoisting his VII Corps flag over Cherbourg, Montgomery was spending his reputation in a bitter siege against the old university city of Caen. We try to present our students with historical topics that are both diverse and a bit out of the ordinary. When General Montgomery took command of the Eighth Army in Egypt in 1942 he made his officers run up and down stairs . Between the wars, he attended the Armys Staff College at Camberley, firstly as a pupil and later as a teacher of army tactics. His handling of the Battle of Normandy was of a very high order, and as the person who would certainly have been blamed for losing the battle, he deserves the credit for winning it. He ordered the creation of the X Corps, which contained all armoured divisions, to fight alongside his XXX Corps, which was all infantry divisions. The bullet went through his lung and nearly ended not only his military career but also his life. Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery was one of the most prominent and successful British commanders of the Second World War (1939-45). At the end of their meeting, Montgomery asked Dayan to tell the Americans, in his name, that they were "insane". It was reported to the War Office that "Montgomery has to be very careful of what he does on his eastern flank because on that flank is the only British Army there is left in this part of the world". This prompted much controversy, many historians arguing that Bradley lacked aggression and that Montgomery should have overruled Bradley.[152]. in his later years, in which he was always keen to praise the bravery and devotion of the troops under his command while also making sure that credit went where it was due. [166] On 10 September 1944, Bomber Command dropped 4,719 tons of bombs on Le Havre, which was the prelude to Operation Astonia, the assault on Le Havre by Crocker's men, which was taken two days later. [120] On 10 July, Montgomery ordered Bradley to take Avranches, after which U.S. Third Army would be activated to drive towards Le Mans and Alenon. UPDATE: According to the Louisiana State Fire Marshal Office, the statewide burn ban has been lifted as of Wednesday February 23, 2022. "[224][225][226], After the war, Montgomery became the Commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), the name given to the British Occupation Forces, and was the British member of the Allied Control Council. Because of this, the area was held by refitting and newly arrived American formations. He served during the Cold War and has traveled to many countries around the world. [55] He returned in July 1939 to Britain, suffering a serious illness on the way, to command the 3rd (Iron) Infantry Division. The two armies linked up on 1 April 1945, encircling 370,000 German troops, and on 4 April 1945, Ninth Army reverted to Omar Bradley's 12th Army Group. He didn't smoke though. Instead of carrying out the advance to Arnhem he ought to have made certain of Antwerp". From 1948 to 1951, he was chairman of the permanent defence organisation of the Western European Union. During this period he was interviewed by B. H. Liddell Hart, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to "rewrite the historical record". He had his failings, but only lost 1 fight in his career Arnhem in 1944. Montgomery was thus caught in a dilemma the British Army needed to be seen to be pulling at least half the weight in the liberation of Europe, but without incurring the heavy casualties that such a role would inevitably produce. [58] By then the Allies had agreed to Plan D, where they would advance deep into Belgium and take up positions on the River Dyle by the time the German forces attacked. However, despite criticism from certain quarters, Monty was not entirely to blame for Market Garden. Suffering heavy losses in Normandy would diminish British leadership and prestige within its empire and on post-war Europe in particular. [187], On 16 December 1944, at the start of the Battle of the Bulge, Montgomery's 21st Army Group was on the northern flank of the allied lines. His choice of the Warwickshires was due to his lack of money. Churchill had his Homburg hat and cigar. [86], The Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October 1942, and ended 12 days later with one of the first large-scale, decisive Allied land victories of the war. [99] Without Brooke's support, Montgomery would have remained in Italy. History Short: How the NFL has Changed so Remarkably! [140], With Goodwood drawing the Wehrmacht towards the British sector, U.S. First Army enjoyed a two-to-one numerical superiority. Montgomery's 21st Army Group, including the US Ninth Army and the First Allied Airborne Army, crossed the Rhine in Operation Plunder in March 1945, two weeks after the US First Army had crossed the Rhine in the Battle of Remagen. FIELD MARSHAL MONTGOMERY OF ALAMEIN Born: November 17, 1887 in Kennington, London, England, United Kingdom Died: March 25, 1976 in Alton, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom Biography | show more [209], As CIGS, Montgomery toured Africa in 1947 and in a secret 1948 report to Prime Minister Clement Attlee's government proposed a "master plan" to amalgamate British Africa territories and to exploit the raw materials of Africa, thereby counteracting the loss of British influence in Asia. He was severely wounded early in World War One and spent the rest of war as a staff officer. [231], Montgomery was created 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in 1946. Instead of having a good thing to say about other leaders, Montgomery continued to criticize American general Dwight Eisenhower after the war, and then even after Ike (as Eisenhower was also known) became president, Montgomery criticized that! Born in Britain in 1887, Montgomery spent his early years in Tasmania, where his father, an Anglican priest, worked for a time. [196][197][198][199] After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes: The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. [243][244] He spoke out against the legalisation of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, arguing that the Sexual Offences Act 1967 was a "charter for buggery"[245] and that "this sort of thing may be tolerated by the French, but we're British thank God". Being both middle-class and independent-minded were not the best qualities for a career as an officer in the British army prior to World War I. "[114], Hampered by stormy weather and the bocage terrain, Montgomery had to ensure that Rommel focused on the British in the east rather than the Americans in the west, who had to take the Cotentin Peninsula and Brittany before the Germans could be trapped by a general swing east. [227] Volume 3 of Nigel Hamilton's Life of Montgomery of Alamein gives an account of the bickering between Montgomery and his land forces chief, French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, which created splits through the Union headquarters. Pen & Sword, 2016. Antwerp was the third largest port in Europe. [93] For his role in North Africa he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States government in the rank of Chief Commander. [27] In 1931 Montgomery was promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel[48] and became the Commanding officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and saw service in Palestine and British India. What a legacy! Slightly creased. 11:20am Sep 14, 2019. On September 1st 1944, Montgomery was promoted to field marshal, the highest rank he could reach in the British Army. [174] Simonds never complained about the lack of air support (made worse by the cloudy October weather), shortages of ammunition or having insufficient troops, regarding these problems as challenges for him to overcome, rather than a cause for complaint. [176] Montgomery replied by accusing Ramsay of making "wild statements" unsupported by the facts, denying the Canadians were having to ration ammunition, and claimed that he would soon take the Ruhr thereby making the Scheldt campaign a sideshow. A look at projected starters for Marshall's matchup with Old Dominion. [203], Command of U.S. First Army reverted to 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945,[204] whilst command of U.S. Ninth Army remained with 21st Army Group for the coming operations to cross the Rhine. Montgomery was lucky to escape unscathed when the Fortress ran off the runway and was wrecked. His approach included drawing diagrams in the sand of how he would deploy his tanks and infantry in a future war, a contingency which seemed very remote at that time. [22] On graduation in September 1908 he was commissioned into the 1st Battalion the Royal Warwickshire Regiment as a second lieutenant,[23] and first saw overseas service later that year in India. The next phase of the war was the invasion of Sicily, as the first step of the long Italian campaign. Of Bernard's siblings, Sibyl died prematurely in Tasmania, and Harold, Donald and Una all emigrated. [239], Montgomery mentioned to the American journalist John Gunther in April 1944 that (like Alanbrooke) he kept a secret diary. [63] During this period he instituted a regime of continuous training and insisted on high levels of physical fitness for both officers and other ranks. Not surprisingly, this attitude infuriated the Americans. Montgomery led his army group in the battle for Germany and, on 4 May 1945, he received the surrender of the German northern armies at Lneburg Heath. In terms of image and influence, he ranks alongside Winston Churchill. [93] However, while they were considered three of the greatest soldiers of their time, due to their competitiveness they were renowned for "squabbling like three schoolgirls" thanks to their "bitchiness", "whining to their superiors" and "showing off". The offensive failed to achieve its objectives.[184]. The "race to Palermo" is the product of TV documentary makers creative thinking. By the end of Goodwood on 25 July 1944, the Canadians had finally taken Caen while the British tanks had reached the plains south of Caen, giving Montgomery the "hinge" he had been seeking, while forcing the Germans to commit the last of their reserves to stop the Anglo-Canadian offensive. You can also watch a video version of this article on YouTube: Major Dan is a retired veteran of the United States Marine Corps. British, Canadian, and Polish soldiers of 21st Army Group commanded by Montgomery advanced south, while the American and French soldiers of Bradley's 12th Army Group advanced north to encircle the German Army Group B at Falaise, as Montgomery waged what Urban called "a huge battle of annihilation" in August 1944. [177], A chastised Montgomery told Eisenhower on 15 October 1944 that he was now making clearing the Scheldt his "top priority", and the ammunition shortages in the First Canadian Army, a problem which he denied even existed five days earlier, were now over as supplying the Canadians was henceforth his first concern. Montgomery did two things that were different from what had gone before. As great as he thought he was, Monty was not without fault, and so, in this article, we list some of the many criticisms that his various detractors have leveled against him. [105], As the campaign progressed, Montgomery altered his initial plan for the invasion and continued the strategy of attracting and holding German counter-attacks in the area north of Caen rather than to the south, to allow the U.S. First Army in the west to take Cherbourg. After previously highlighting Fred Astaire's 1927 Phantom I, the automaker now shines the spotlight on British Field Marshal Bernard "Monty" Montgomery and his 1936 Phantom III. [117] This was broadly as Montgomery had planned, albeit not with the same speed as he outlined at St Paul's, although as the American historian Carlo D'Este pointed out the actual situation in Normandy was "vastly different" from what was envisioned at the St. Paul's conference, as only one of four goals outlined in May had been achieved by 10 July. They have 'jumped' from the air and by doing so have conquered fear. [254], Montgomery's grave, Holy Cross churchyard, Binsted. [61], The 3rd Division, temporarily commanded by Kenneth Anderson in Montgomery's absence, returned to Britain intact with minimal casualties. Montgomery bitterly resented this change, although it had been agreed before the D-Day invasion. 7 September 1944. Haz tu seleccin entre imgenes premium de Viscount Bernard Montgomery de la ms alta calidad. Montgomery did not attend the funeral, claiming he was "too busy". In Oct 1942, Montgomery decided that his army was ready to launch Operation Lightfoot. Tragedy befell him when wife Betty died of a blood infection 10 years into their marriage. [95] Inter-Allied tensions grew as the American commanders, Patton and Omar Bradley (then commanding US II Corps under Patton), took umbrage at what they saw as Montgomery's attitudes and boastfulness. "[130] The well dug-in 88mm guns around the Borguebus Ridge began taking a toll on the British Sherman tanks, and the countryside was soon dotted with dozens of burning Shermans. [131] One British officer reported with worry: "I see palls of smoke and tanks brewing up with flames belching forth from their turrets. [178] With the Scheldt in Allied hands, Royal Navy minesweepers removed the German mines in the river, and Antwerp was finally opened to shipping on 28 November 1944. It is no wonder that Monty's real high ability is not always realised. He would also be able to ensure that British units were spared some of the high-attrition actions, but would be most prominent when the final blows were struck. I think too much is made of this. [216], Montgomery initially remained prepared to push Second (British) Army hard to capture the vital strategic town of Caen, and consequently incur heavy losses. After earlier Allied losses, by the time Montgomery took over the North Africa campaign, German resupply was almost totally cut off by Allied air and sea power, and of course, ultimate victory came when throngs of American troops and supplies showed up. When Montgomery asked whether it would be worth money one day, Gunther suggested "at least $100,000." Ahead of them the pathfinders were scattering their flares and before long the first bombs were dropping. The English field marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (1887-1976), was an outstanding commander and hero of the British people during World War II.. Bernard Montgomery was born on Nov. 17, 1887. [110] There was a strong sense of crisis in the Allied command, as the Allies had advanced only about 15 miles (24km) inland, at a time when their plans called for them to have already taken Rennes, Alenon and St. [93] He was survived by his son and only child David Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein (19282020) as well as two grandchildren. He commanded the British Army of the Rhine and served as chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1946 to 1948. During the 191418 war, Montgomery served with distinction and was lucky to escape with his life after being shot in the chest by a sniper. [74] Taking command on 13 August 1942, he immediately became a whirlwind of activity. [177] Simonds, now reinforced with British troops and Royal Marines, cleared the Scheldt by taking Walcheren island, the last of the German "fortresses" on the Scheldt, on 8 November 1944. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Montgomery's uninhibited retrospective on the battle strategy deployed by his operational commander, D Eisenhower, has long been considered controversial. 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