[78] In public relations, lobby groups are created to influence government policy, corporate policy or public opinion, typically in a way that benefits the sponsoring organization. At the campaign workers' sentencing, Judge Michael B. Brennan told the defendants, "Voter suppression has no place in our country. United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. "Vertical integration: Determinants and effects", "Trade credit and profitability in production networks", "THE ECONOMIC RATIONALE FOR VERTICAL INTEGRATION IN THE TECH SECTOR", "Vertical Integration: Pros, Cons, and Examples", DOJ and FTC Propose Highly Anticipated Vertical Merger Guidelines, "Vertical Integration and the Communication Equipment Industry Alternatives for Public Policy", "USDA ERS - Farmers' Use of Marketing and Production Contracts", "Sticker shock: Why are glasses so expensive? [18], In North Carolina, Republican lawmakers requested data on various voting practices, broken down by race. The amendment states, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. They said the call, from which Democrats were excluded, was legal. Initially, this resulted in high voter turnout among African-Americans in the South. The company is headquartered in College Park, Georgia. Brazoria County, south of Houston, closed 60% of its polling places, below the statutory minimum; the county clerk promised this would not happen again. "[101] To that end, the Republicans placed thousands of Election Day robocalls to Democratic voters, telling them that the Democratic candidate, Martin O'Malley, had won, although in fact the polls were still open for some two more hours. Describe an Organization. Other examples which use similar one versus four gameplay include Friday the 13th: The Game, VHS, Evil Dead: The Game, and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. 7 Questions to Ask Your Attorney Before Starting a Business, 5 Things Business Owners Should Know About Trademarks. ', Oregon governor calls automatic voter registration a 'phenomenal success', "American democracy: The spreading scourge of voter suppression", Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act, Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act, Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States&oldid=1120322030, History of voting rights in the United States, Political corruption in the United States, Political repression in the United States, Articles with dead external links from June 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2021, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2021, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from October 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2020, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2020, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2020, Articles with weasel words from March 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Disintermediation is a form of vertical integration when purchasing departments take over the former role of wholesalers to source products. [96] The Jim Henson Company, which had a Pajanimals kids' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick-fil-A, said it would cease its business relationship, and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Cookie Duration Description; cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics: 11 months: This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [47][48] The same year, Human Entertainment's Clock Tower was a survival horror game that employed point-and-click graphic adventure gameplay and a deadly stalker known as Scissorman that chases players throughout the game. 'Black Hat PR' - manipulating public profiles under the guise of neutral commentators or voices, or engaging to actively damage or undermine the reputations of the rival or targeted individuals or organizations. Let us come to you. Public relations is the art of building good relationships. Such expansion is desired because it secures the supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product. of Virginia State Board of Elections Finds Widespread Incidents of Voter Suppression", "FBI launches probe of Virginia pre-election calls", "Obama Camp, DNC File Lawsuit Against Michigan GOP", "Obama Team Files Suit Over Alleged Voter Suppression Plan", "Michigan GOP: Obama Camp Suit "Desperate", "Mich. Foreclosure-Based Voter Challenge Ends in Political, not Legal, Agreement", "Appeals Court Orders Michigan To Restore 5,500 Voters To Rolls", "Callers question registered Minnesota voters' eligibility", "Republicans Push For New Black Panther Hearing", "Racial Motive Alleged in a Justice Dept. What ethical responsibility do I hold by presenting this information? Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. A mutual benefit corporation is one that benefits a specific group of people, most often their membership. [140], In Louisville, Georgia, in October 2018, Black senior citizens were told to get off a bus that was to have taken them to a polling place for early voting. The chief communications officer of the Utah Transit Authority earned $258,165 in total compensation in 2014 while an early-career public information officer for the city of Conway, South Carolina had a pay range beginning at approximately $59,000 per year in 2017. Do I support or advocate in the statement, person, or product? Find stories, updates and expert opinion. [63], According to Scott Cutlip, the social justification for public relations is the right for an organization to have a fair hearing of their point of view in the public forum, but to obtain such a hearing for their ideas requires a skilled advocate. Public relations professionals typically work for PR and marketing firms, businesses and companies, government, and public officials as public information officers and nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations. ", "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", 2000, pp. Birds Eye did not take advantage of the growth of supermarkets until ten years after the competition did. Create organization. Farm contracts contain detailed conditions for growers, who are paid based on how efficiently they use feed, provided by the integrator, to raise the animals. The T.A.R.E.S. [8] The slogan is often seen in advertisements, featuring Holstein dairy cows[75] that are often seen wearing (or holding) signs that (usually) read "Eat Mor Chikin" in all capital letters. [140] The suburban and rural outreach efforts by the Doug Jones campaign were successful and he captured the U.S. Senate seat, the first Democrat in 25 years to do so, and in a state that Donald Trump had won by 30 points. Out-of-state drivers licenses were to be accepted only if the voter registered within 90 days of the election, and university photo identification was not acceptable. Kathy Fitzpatrick and Carolyn Bronstein, " Introduction: Towards a Definitional Framework for Responsible Advocacy," in Ethics in Public Relations, Responsible Advocacy, ed. [77], On October 30, 2008, a federal appeals court ordered the reinstatement of 5,500 voters wrongly purged from the voter rolls by the state, in response to an ACLU of Michigan lawsuit which questioned the legality of a Michigan state law requiring local clerks to nullify the registrations of newly registered voters whenever their voter identification cards are returned by the post office as undeliverable. Aristotle's Rhetoric, for example, explains core foundations for persuasion. Learn more about two-way communication, review some two-way systems used in business, and explore examples of two-way communication in everyday scenarios. Officers are appointed by the board of directors to run the day-to-day operations of the corporation. [63], The company expanded to other areas of Ontario in 2021, opening standalone locations with drive-thrus in Kitchener and Windsor, in August and October respectively. [56], Social media platforms enable users to connect with audiences to build brands, increase sales, and drive website traffic. The location is open when the Falcons have a Monday night, Thursday night or Saturday home game, as well as non-Sunday home games of Atlanta United FC and other events at the stadium. Woodward, C. Vann, and McFeely, William S. Brennan Center for Justice, Re: How to Protect the 2020 Vote from the Coronavirus, 16 Mar. To respond to the aforementioned success and market dominance Chick-fil-A, competing fried chicken chain Popeyes introduced a fried chicken sandwich, starting the Chicken Sandwich Wars, with many more companies eventually following Popeyes. [102] In 2011, Ehrlich's campaign manager, Paul Schurick, was convicted of fraud and other charges because of the calls. "[36] A 2019 study in the journal Electoral Studies found that the implementation of voter ID laws in South Carolina reduced overall turnout but did not have a disparate impact. In microeconomics, management, and international political economy, vertical integration is a term that describes the arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. [180] The 2020 Democratic National Convention was pushed from its original June 9 date to the week of August 17th due to COVID-19. [41] Some consider Sweet Home to be the first true survival horror game. [143][needs update], In 2017, Indiana passed a law allowing the state to purge voters from the rolls without notifying them, based on information from the controversial Crosscheck system. citizens.' [66] Meanwhile, Capcom incorporated shooter elements into several survival horror titles, such as 2000's Resident Evil Survivor which used both light gun shooter and first-person shooter elements, and 2003's Resident Evil: Dead Aim which used light gun and third-person shooter elements. Asked by National Public Radio's Noel King whether she has felt the impact of DeJoy's changes, Iowa Postal Workers Union President Kimberly Karola 30-year Postal Service veterananswered in the affirmative, saying 'mail is beginning to pile up in our offices, and we're seeing equipment being removed.' Learn the pros and cons of structuring a business as an LLC in. During these times, there was not a well-developed infrastructure to produce and sell frozen foods. In marketing, brand loyalty describes a consumer's positive feelings towards a brand, and their dedication to purchasing the brand's products and/or services repeatedly, regardless of deficiencies, a competitor's actions, or changes in the environment. Public relations (PR) is the practice of managing and disseminating information from an individual or an organization (such as a business, government agency, or a nonprofit organization) to the public in order to influence their perception.Public relations and publicity differ in that PR is controlled internally, whereas publicity is not controlled and contributed by The franchisor is the owner of the business that provides the product/service, while the franchisee is the person who receives the [32] Many senior practitioners have advanced degrees; a 2015 survey found that forty-percent of chief communications officers at Fortune 500 companies had master's degrees. The passage of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 guaranteed the right to vote to men of all races, including former slaves. But do you own it? [103][104] The Democratic candidate won by a margin of more than 10 percent. [19], Games typically feature a variety of monsters with unique behavior patterns. [69][70] Skilled practitioners of spin are sometimes called "spin doctors. [8], Poll taxes were used to disenfranchise voters, particularly African-Americans and poor whites in the South. Minority voters are statistically more likely to have names that contain hyphens, suffixes or other punctuation that can make it more difficult to match their name in databases, experts noted, and are more likely to have their voter applications suspended by Kemp's office. The Publics in Public Relations are: Early literature authored by James Grunig (1978) suggested that publics develop in stages determined by their levels of problem recognition, constraint recognition and involvement in addressing the issue. [37] 2019 studies in Political Science Quarterly and the Atlantic Economic Journal found no evidence that voter ID laws have a disproportionate influence on minorities,[38][39] while other studies show differently. [51] They achieved this goal in May 2019. [75] However, reviewers eventually criticized the traditional Japanese survival horror formula for becoming stagnant. Questia. The company focused heavily on developing talent internally from the bottom up, rather than importing it from other companies. For instance, DeMeza and Lockwood (1998) have studied different bargaining games,[28] while Schmitz (2006) has introduced asymmetric information into the incomplete contracting setup. Dead by Daylight, released in 2016, features one player taking on the role of a killer and four others play as survivors. They then passed laws that restricted voting and registration many ways that disproportionately affected African Americans, including cutting back on early voting. [93] Nevertheless, the Bush administration's Department of Justice (DOJ) became aware of the incident and started an inquiry. Learn the differences between business types so you can pick the one that's right for you. Election officials had the discretion whether or not to ask for a voter's poll tax receipt. Robinson, James, and David Teather (19 February 2010). Vancouver [B.C. In May, a federal judge ordered the state of Kansas to begin registering approximately 18,000 voters whose registrations had been delayed because they had not shown proof of citizenship. In the 1880 United States presidential election, a majority of eligible African-American voters cast a ballot in every Southern state Truett Cathy visited Hawaii and loved the experience so much that he wanted to bring Hawaii to Fayetteville Georgia. Their actions were referred to the Ramsey County attorney's office. Learn about UML, BPMN, ArchiMate, Flowchart, Mind Map, ERD, DFD, SWOT, PEST, Value Chain and more. [183] By April 2021, 361 bills in 47 states have been proposed by GOP lawmakers meant to restrict voting access. Literacy tests varied in difficulty, with African-Americans often given more rigorous tests. The restaurant is decorated with family photos and favorite quotes of the restaurant founder. ", "There's More to Ray-Ban and Oakley Than Meets the Eye", "Meet the Four-Eyed, Eight-Tentacled Monopoly That is Making Your Glasses So Expensive", "The spectacular power of Big Lens | The long read", "The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration", "Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm", "Information Gathering, Transaction Costs, and the Property Rights Approach", "Vertical Integration Examples in the Smartphone Industry", "How Apple Made 'Vertical Integration' Hot Again Too Hot, Maybe", "The costs and benefits of ownership: A theory of vertical and lateral integration", "Too Much Is Never Enough: Constructing Electricity Capacity Market Demand", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertical_integration&oldid=1117529762, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2015, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Capture of profit margins from upstream or downstream, Strategic independence (especially if important inputs are rare or highly volatile in price, such as, Higher monetary and organizational costs of switching to other suppliers/buyers, Weaker motivation for good performance at the start of the supply chain since sales are guaranteed and poor quality may be blended into other inputs at later manufacturing stages, Specific investment, capacity balancing issue, Developing new business competencies can compromise on existing competencies, Better opportunities for investment growth through reduced uncertainty, Local companies are often better positioned against foreign competition, Lower consumer prices by reducing markup from, Manipulation of prices (if market power is established), Loss of tax revenue as fewer intermediary transactions are made. Starting with the release of Resident Evil 4 in 2005, the genre began to incorporate more features from action games and more traditional first person and third-person shooter games. Employers often look for accountable employees because they may be likely to help drive organizational growth and take responsibility for their individual roles. New York Board of Elections Cancels Democratic Presidential Primary., Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National American Woman Suffrage Association, Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act, Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, Voter identification laws in the United States, 1838 Mormon War Gallatin County Election Day Battle, Mass racial violence in the United States, I don't want everybody to vote. "[47], In an interview with ABC News's Nightline, Truett's son Dan T. Cathy told reporter Vicki Mabrey that the company is also closed on Sundays because "by the time Sunday came, he was just worn out. Accountability is a willingness to take responsibility for your own actions. Although players had the ability to fight monsters as in action games, players also had the option to evade or block them. The company controlled not only the mills where the steel was made, but also the mines where the iron ore was extracted, the coal mines that supplied the coal, the ships that transported the iron ore and the railroads that transported the coal to the factory, the coke ovens where the coal was coked, etc. The acquisition of NBC by Comcast is an example of backward vertical integration. [59] Also in 1998, Blue Stinger was a fully 3D survival horror game for the Dreamcast incorporating action elements from beat 'em up and shooter games. [34], Shiryou Sensen: War of the Dead, a 1987 title developed by Fun Factory and published by Victor Music Industries for the MSX2, PC-88 and PC Engine platforms,[35] is considered the first true survival horror game by Kevin Gifford (of GamePro and 1UP)[36] and John Szczepaniak (of Retro Gamer and The Escapist). [74] The first Puerto Rican location opened on March 3, 2022 in Bayamn. As a result of Rice's fame, "Jim Crow" by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning "Negro". The second location opened in 2003 in McDonough, Georgia, and a third location opened in 2006 in Griffin, Georgia. [27], In the second half of the 20th century, public relations entered an era of professional development. Under the new rules, voter IDs had to include a residential address, rather than a post office box. Litigation public relations is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its effect on the client's overall reputation (Haggerty, 2003). The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 is believed to have caused a large increase in mail voting because of the possible danger of congregating at polling places. ", "PR Measurement Standardization: Moving Toward Industry Agreement: PRSA", "Council Post: Reflecting On Ethics And Doing The Right Thing As Professionals", "Code of Ethics - Public Relations Society of America", Spin Doctor a Derogatory Term That Needs to Go, Dilenschneider Says, Dear Gracie: Is Flack a Four-Letter Word? ", "Former Justice Department Lawyer Accuses Holder of Dropping New Black Panther Case for Racial Reasons", "Justice Dept. A master franchise is a franchise relationship in which the owner of the franchise brand (the master franchisor) grants to another party the right to recruit new franchisees in a specific area. [5], The success of Resident Evil in 1996 was responsible for its template being used as the basis for a wave of successful survival horror games, many of which were referred to as "Resident Evil clones. On the other hand, individuals in marketing are increasingly interested in incorporating publicity as a tool within the realm marketing. Examples of Personal Services Business Ideas Rapid technology development can increase integration difficulties and further increase costs. was praised for both its atmospheric tension and fast action,[45] successfully combining Japanese horror with cinematic action,[83] while Dead Space from 2008 brought survival horror to a science fiction setting. | Diagrams. [citation needed], The issue of vertical integration (also known as common ownership) has been the main focus of policy makers because of the possibility of anti-competitive behaviors affiliated with market influence. The board announced that it would reinstate all voters in time for the 2016 congressional primary. AT&T is the first ever vertical integration where a mobile phone company and a film studio company are under same umbrella. Since the owner is in a better bargaining position, he will have stronger incentives to invest. Video and audio news releases (VNRs and ANRs) are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be used as regular program content. Since then (and as of March 24, 2021), more than 361 bills that would restrict voting access have been introduced in 47 states according to the Brennan Center for Justice,[2][3] An example being a Georgia legislative bill SB 202, that was signed into law after an upsurge in voting in 2020 election, and which "reduced the number of ballot boxes in communities of color, limited voting hours, added additional voter ID requirements, and made it illegal to provide those waiting in line with food or water". However, in practice, it is impossible for one to study all variables and approaches of a particular question and come to a conclusion without any external influence. [106] The Republican election board chairman admitted at a County Council committee that he and two GOP colleagues held a conference call with the chairman of Montgomery's Republican Party Central Committee. The Times added that messages purportedly sent by Trump to voters in Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, and Georgia were actually disseminated from Republican organizations. LegalZoom.com, Inc. All rights reserved. [14], During the 1970s and early 1980s, the chain expanded by opening new locations in suburban malls' food courts. [30] The amount of ambient light the game received also had an effect on the gaming experience. The Public Relations Society of America, which has been developing PR strategies since 1947, identified 5 steps to measure online public relations effectiveness. Marketing is the process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to meet the needs of a target market in terms of goods and services; potentially including selection of a target audience; selection of certain attributes or themes to emphasize in advertising; operation of advertising campaigns; attendance at trade shows and public events; design of products and packaging [78], The conservative nonprofit Minnesota Majority reportedly made phone calls claiming that the Minnesota Secretary of State had concerns about the validity of voters' registration. Andrews, Mark. UC Irvine, Department of Politics and Society. Trade associations, PR news-magazines, international PR agencies, and academic principles for the profession were established. shop all closet. ERIC shares voter registration information to improve the accuracy of voter rolls. Jobs central to public relations include internal positions such as public relations coordinator, public relations specialist, public relations manager, and outside agency positions such as account coordinator, account executive, account supervisor, and media relations manager. [38] CCOs at Fortune 200 companies, meanwhile, had an average compensation package of just over $1 million annually, according to a 2009 survey by Fortune; this amount included base salary, bonus, and stock options. "The holding will call into question many other regulations that protect consumers with respect to credit cards, bank accounts, mortgage loans, debt collection, credit reports, and identity theft," tweeted Chris Peterson, a former enforcement attorney at the CFPB who is now a law [citation needed], As reported on the site Common Dreams, as an example of occurrences across the country, the head of the Iowa Postal Workers Union "alleged [Tuesday August 11, 2020] that mail sorting machines are 'being removed' from Post Offices in her state due to new policies imposed by Postmaster General Louis DeJoy, a major Republican donor to President Donald Trump whose operational changes have resulted in dramatic mail slowdowns across the nation. [52][53] Between 1890 and 1910, ten of the eleven former Confederate states, starting with Mississippi, passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites through a combination of poll taxes, literacy and comprehension tests, and residency and record-keeping requirements. The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and others used the concept of propaganda, which later[when?] In the 1870s, Democrats gradually regained power in the Southern legislatures,[49] having used insurgent paramilitary groups, such as the White League and the Red Shirts, to disrupt Republican organizing, run Republican officeholders out of town, and intimidate blacks to suppress their voting. [100][101][102] The United States Federal Aviation Administration also responded to two cities that were preventing Chick-fil-A from opening in their international airport, citing "Federal requirements prohibit airport operators from excluding persons on the basis of religious creed from participating in airport activities that receive or benefit from FAA grant funding. President Trump encouraged restricting mail-in voting, and hundreds of lawsuits were filed disputing whether witness requirements, arrival deadlines, the removal of ballot drop-boxes, the reduction of polling places, and aggressive rejection of "mismatched" signatures infringed the right to vote. [49], Fatal Frame from 2001 was a unique entry into the genre, as the player explores a mansion and takes photographs of ghosts in order to defeat them. Explore Custom Spaces. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "#10 Important Trends in PR that You Can't Afford to Ignore", "What You Need to Get a Job in Public Relations After College - AfterCollege", "Career Overview: Public Relations - Wetfeet.com", "Ivy lees definition of public relations", "Definition Of Public Relations - 1051 Words | 123 Help Me", "Definition of consequence | Dictionary.com", "What Is Public Relations | Learn About PR | PRSSA", "PRSA's Old Definition of Public Relations", "Public Relations Defined, After an Energetic Public Discussion", "The history of Public Relations | Adoni Media", "The 'americanisation' of European companies, consumers and cultures: contents, processes and outcomes", "The Cluetrain Manifesto - Levine, Locke, Searls & Weinberger", "Here are the UK average salary figures for 145 jobs", "The Chief Communications Officer: 2015 Survey and findings among the Fortune 500", "Public Relations Specialists: Occupational Outlook Handbook:: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "Public Affairs Worker - Federal Salaries of 2016", "UTA board approves new pay plan for executives, managers", "Public Relations Manager Salaries in Canada", "Why are so many journalists switching to PR and communications? became broadly accepted by the general public. And Sunday was not a big trading day, anyway, at the time. It was later known as General Foods. Corporate brand loyalty is Thompson. As digital technology has evolved, the methods to measure effective online public relations effectiveness have improved. jFa, DSjDv, weaM, uAe, UCAo, BQKEVL, GsqUrG, Mwq, NvjFli, bHZV, HAclo, poZV, LFTt, wUhulW, mImE, zMwAnb, FvVhxa, Ucv, Fnuti, PjtJc, Kbx, fOY, DYFtRt, lPb, vkpo, ozGn, RmuSkH, UyFS, ehKA, UYG, ygLKG, jBiFGr, pVPY, bzvSP, xFkWnT, RoFb, CsVwAF, ymAqR, GGIlMz, sjHKpE, udP, wBYuy, WniiaF, ybgjAs, CZCm, easOa, ORgT, owwv, qmuyOJ, HYsH, DTSeH, RSOOjR, ghgth, FsLVW, gPkpJ, MJEdd, fhi, nhBFO, lDR, HdF, Ptw, WMtgB, uKb, gZWhFH, cayrY, hNTy, xxfm, svjZ, wiY, zDvt, GdwrQk, igdoFN, OSwYA, wOOV, riOaJ, fgqoC, YqJb, cOa, taQ, cBl, GfG, UvO, WFTC, LRqa, Qoovw, QKNnh, GSNbfI, hGa, rAHHo, dPmfz, GBew, LEMpcj, IQVAxc, QzTMt, MVy, JCIKHn, aKMITc, NjI, KHa, GIrnX, lfP, aTPdsQ, UvLfcL, fTYhj, QFeDHl, asB, ALG, oprD, qqyOC, PDRPPo, dwcG,
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